Iron() alkyl complexes: electronic structure contributions to Fe-C bond homolysis and migration reactions that form N-C bonds from N

• Published in: Chemical science (Cambridge) Vol. 15; no. 1; pp. 3485 - 3494
• Main Authors: Bhutto, Samuel M, Hooper, Reagan X, McWilliams, Sean F, Mercado, Brandon Q, Holland, Patrick L
• Format: Journal Article
• Published: 06-03-2024
• ISSN: 2041-6520; 2041-6539
• DOI: 10.1039/d3sc05939a

High-valent iron alkyl complexes are rare, as they are prone to Fe-C bond homolysis. Here, we describe an unusual way to access formally iron(
iv
) alkyl complexes through double silylation of iron(
i
) alkyl dinitrogen complexes to form an NNSi
2
group. Spectroscopically validated computations show that the disilylehydrazido(2−) ligand stabilizes the formal iron(
iv
) oxidation state through a strongly covalent Fe-N π-interaction, in which one π-bond fits an "inverted field" description. This means that the two bonding electrons are localized more on the metal than the ligand, and thus an iron(
ii
) resonance structure is a significant contributor, similar to the previously-reported phenyl analogue. However, in contrast to the phenyl complex which has an
S
= 1 ground state, the ground state of the alkyl complex is
S
= 2, which places one electron in the π* orbital, leading to longer and weaker Fe-N bonds. The reactivity of these hydrazido(2−) complexes is dependent on the steric and electronic properties of the specific alkyl group. When the alkyl group is the bulky trimethylsilylmethyl, the formally iron(
iv
) species is stable at room temperature and no migration of the alkyl ligand is observed. However, the analogous complex with the smaller methyl ligand does indeed undergo migration of the carbon-based ligand to the NNSi
2
group to form a new N-C bond. This migration is followed by isomerization of the hydrazido ligand, and the product exists as two isomers that have distinct η
1
and η
2
binding of the hydrazido group. Lastly, when the alkyl group is benzyl, the Fe-C bond homolyzes to give a three-coordinate hydrazido(2−) complex which is likely due to the greater stability of a benzyl radical compared to that for methyl or trimethylsilylmethyl. These studies demonstrate the availability of a hydrocarbyl migration pathway at formally iron(
iv
) centers to form new N-C bonds directly to N
2
, though product selectivity is highly dependent on the identity of the migrating group.
Silylation of iron-alkyl-dinitrogen complexes gives high-spin iron(
iv
) products that also have an iron(
ii
) resonance structure. The stability and reactivity of these compounds depends on the alkyl group, with insertion and homolysis observed.