Manifestations of Imagination Forms in Yaghma Jandaghi’s Sonnets

• Published in: Funūn-i adabī Vol. 15; no. 3; pp. 123 - 142
• Main Authors: Abdollah Vasegh Abbasi, Mohammad reza Heydari
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: Persian
• Published: University of Isfahan 01-09-2023
• Subjects: irony and metonymy; metaphor; simile; sonnets; yaghma jandaghi
• ISSN: 2008-8027; 2322-3448
• DOI: 10.22108/liar.2023.137317.2267

Yaghma Jandaghi is one of the most famous and prominent poets of the Qajar era who has written significant sonnets with moral and romantic content. Since the beginning of Persian poetry till now, rhetoric has always been taken into special consideration by poets, and one of the fundamental issues of rhetoric in any language is poetic imagination forms, including four general topics, namely simile, metaphor, irony, and metonymy, the thoughtful and appropriate use of which can add to the imaginative aspect as well as the richness of poems. Yaghmai Jandaghi's sonnets are highly important in terms of the inclusion of rhetoric, especially rhetoric and the use of poetic imagery. Yaghma’s sonnets contain moral and romantic themes, written in different meters and mainly in a style similar to that of Hafez’s poems. Since little attention has been paid to the issue of imagination forms in Yaghmai Jandaghi’s poems, in the present research, an attempt has been made to analyze the imagery techniques used in the sonnets of Yaghmai Jandaghi with an in-depth view and with respect to the poet's taste in using them as an aesthetic approach and expressive and artistic technique so that a manifestation of his poetic merits can be presented to the audience. Keywords: Yaghma Jandaghi, Sonnets, Simile, Metaphor, Irony and Metonymy.   Introduction Rhetoric is one of the important techniques used by poets in order to add an imaginative aspect to their poetry, and most of them have tried to apply different categories of this artistic technique, especially simile and metaphor. Perhaps, it can be argued that the poets of the Qajar era, including Yaghmai Jandaghi, have created a special innovation from the aesthetic dimension using artistic techniques in poetry. This research attempts to evaluate Yaghmai Jandaghi's sonnets accurately from a rhetorical point of view, and then to discuss the imagination forms used in them, including similes, metaphors, irony, and metonymy so that at the end it would be possible to figure out his intended approach in using poetic imagination forms and provide their frequencies.  Therefore, the current study seeks to provide an answer to the following research question: How has Yaghmai Jandaghi used imagination forms in his sonnets? Materials and Methods This research has been carried out using the descriptive-analytical method, examining the content of Yaghmay Jandaghi's sonnets and extracting the examples of imagination forms in them through a library approach.  Research Findings Yaghmai Jandaghi's sonnets are considered to be a relatively rich work in terms of using imagination forms, and wherever the poet needed imagination forms to expand the content and also to make his audiences understand the topic under discussion, he used them very appropriately in the layers of his poems. The following table shows the frequency of imagination forms applied in Yaghmai Jandaghi's sonnets.   Table 1. The Frequency of Imagination Forms in Yaghmai Jandaghi's Sonnets Title of imagination forms Frequency Percentage Sensible to sensible simile 68 5% Sensible to intellectual simile 14 1% Intellectual-to-intellectual simile - - Intellectual to sensible simile 12 1% Baligh (eloquent) simile 347 29% Tafzil (preference) simile 30 3% Tamsil (allegoric) simile 51 4% Mozmar (hidden) simile 100 7% Plural simile 7 0.08% Tasvieyh (equalization)simile - - Mafruq (subtrahend) 37 3.2% Malfouf (covered) simile 70 5% Conditional simile 14 1% Morakab (compound) simile 65 5% Mosarrahe Mojarrad (explicit singular) metaphor 24 2% Mosarrahe morashahe (descriptive explicit) simile 90 6.5% Motalaghe mosarrahe (descriptive separated ) metaphor 53 4.5% Dependent metaphor 1 - Makniyeh (implicit) metaphor Metaphoric case 110 7% Metonymy 57 4% Nominal allusion 23 2% Verbal allusion 118 9% Total sum of imagination forms in sonnets 1291 100% Discussion of Results and Conclusions Considering the results of this research, the following three conclusions have been made: Yaghmai Jandaghi's sonnets are among the most important parts of his collection due to the inclusion of linguistic issues, lexicology, grammar, rhetorical techniques, and imagination forms as they have the potential to be carefully analyzed by researchers and experts in each of these techniques, so that the unknown aspects of these valuable sonnets can be identified for those interested in literature. The most important imagination forms used in Yaghmai Jandaghi's sonnets are simile, metaphor, irony, and metonymy each of which has been used for specific purposes; for instance, the sensible simile has the greatest contribution to making the topic and content sensible. Due to the closeness of his style to the Indian style, it can be argued that the poet has made the most use of allegorical, implicit, and compound similes in order to make abstract and sensible concepts sensible for the audience and so that his poems could have a double effect on the audience. In Yaghma's poetry, explicit and implicit metaphors stand out in parallel in his poems. Regarding explicit metaphors, it was found that the tools of simile used in his poems mainly include the beloved’s parts of the body, such as their lips, mouth, eyes, and hair. In implicit metaphors, he has mainly given life to things such as death, the sky, the zephyr, and the inanimate phenomena of his surroundings and attributed human and living beings’ characteristics to them.