Şâmî’nin Sübülü’l-Hüdâ Adlı Eserinde Anlatım Üslupları ve Arap Dili Kaynakları

• Published in: BEÜ İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi Vol. 10; no. 2; pp. 141 - 164
• Main Author: SEZER, Mustafa
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: 30-12-2023
• ISSN: 2148-3728
• DOI: 10.33460/beuifd.1352163

Memlükler dönemi (1250-1517) Mısır, özellikle Moğol istilası sonrasında âlimlerin göç ettiği, büyük ilim adamlarının yetiştiği münbit bir coğrafya haline gelmiştir. Bu vaziyet, Osmanlıların (1299-1922) bölgeyi fetihleri sonrasındaki valiler döneminde de bir müddet devam etmiştir. İlgili süreç içerisinde âlimler, hacimli külliyât eser-ler telif etmişler, erken dönemlerden kendi dönemlerine kadar rivâyet-dirâyet üs-lubunca ilim geleneğini sürdürerek sonraki nesillere aktarmışlardır. Bu hacimli an-siklopedik teliflerden birisi de Muhammed b. Yûsuf es-Sâlihî eş-Şâmî’nin (ö. 942/1536) ömrünün son zamanlarında tamamladığı Sübülü’l-hüdâ ve’r-reşâd fî sîreti hayri’l-ibâd adlı Hz. Muhammed (s) konulu devasa eserdir. Eser, Hz. Peygamber’i tüm yönleriyle ele aldığı için delâil, siyer-meğâzî, şemâil, hasâis, mu‘cizât, fezâil ve biyografiler, tıbb-ı Nebevî gibi alanlarda rivayetler ve zengin bilgiler içermektedir. Aynı zamanda müellif Şâmî, kendi dönemine kadar telif edilmiş geniş bir edebiyat-tan yararlanarak onlara atıflarda bulunmuştur. Bu kadar şümullü bir kaynaktan ya-rarlanması, eserde Arap diline ait önemli nazım ve nesir metinleri ihtiva etmesini sonuçlandırmış böylece değişik temalarda mebzul miktarda Arap şiiri eserde yer almıştır. Ayrıca eser rivayet-dirayet üslubuyla mevcut muhtelif metinleri içerme-sinden ötürü üslûp bakımından câlibi dikkattir. Bu bağlamda rivayetçilik, tasvirîlik, tematik şiir anlatımları, ilmîlik, öğreticilik, açıklayıcılık, kantlayıcılık ve destansı-lık müellifin benimsediği belli anlatım üsluplarıdır. Ayrıca eserde eyyâmü’l-Arab ve siyer-meğâzî anlatımlarına bolca yer verilmesi siyer-tarih metinlerinin Arap diliyle münasebetinin irdelenmesini gerektirmiştir. Eserde gramer analizlerinin yapılması ve her konu sonunda müfredât ve sözlük kısımlarının oluşturulması onu orijinal kı-lan hususiyetlerdendir. Böylece modern dönemde dil vb. eğitim setlerinde ve de muhtelif bilimsel eserlerde müfredat bölümleri oluşturan eserlere öncülük yapmış-tır. Müellif Şâmî’nin kaleme aldığı Sübülü’l-hüdâ adlı eser, içerdiği edebî metinler ve Arap diline dair müfredâtlar, tahlil ve analizler bakımından kıymet ifade eden ve araştırılması gereken bir eserdir. Ayrıca müellifinin Arap diline dair müellefâtının olması, eserinde onlara atıflarda bulunması da müellifin siyer ve tarih âlimi olma-sının yanında önemli bir Arap dilcisi olduğunun ispatı mahiyetindedir.
The Mamluk period (1250-1517) Egypt became a fertile geography where scholars migrated, especially after the Mongol invasion, and great scholars were raised. This situation continued for a while during the governor period after the conquest of the region by the Ottomans (1299-1922). During this process, scholars wrote volu-minous works, continuing the tradition of science in the style of narration and nar-ration from the early periods to their own periods, and passed it on to future gene-rations. Sübülü’l-hüdâ ve’r-reşâd fî sîreti hayri’l-ibâd on the subject of Prophet Muhammad (s), which was completed by Muhammed b. Yûsuf es-Sâlihî eş-Şâmî (d. 942/1536) in the last years of his life. The work contains narrations and rich infor-mation in areas such as delâil, siyer-meğâzî, şemâil, hasâis, mu‘cizât, fezâil and bi-ographies, as well as fields such as Prophetic medicine, since it covers Prophet Mu-hammad (s) in all aspects. At the same time, the author Şâmî, by making references to a wide literature that had been written until his time, benefited from them. His use of such a comprehensive source resulted in the work containing important Arabic poetic and prose texts, and thus a considerable amount of Arabic poetry on various themes was included in the work. In addition, the work is noteworthy in terms of style because it contains various texts in the style of narration and report. In this context, narrativity, descriptiveness, thematic poetry expressions, scientifi-city, instructiveness, explicativeness, kantianism and epicness are certain narrative styles adopted by the author. Additionally, the abundance of eyyâmü’l-Arab and si-yer-meğâzî narratives in the work necessitated an examination of the relationship between siyer-history texts and the Arabic language. Performing grammatical analyses in the work and creating curriculum and dictionary sections at the end of each topic are among the original features that make it unique. Thus, it pioneered works that create curriculum sections in modern language and other educational sets, as well as various scientific works. The work named Sübülü’l-hüdâ, written by the author Şâmî, is a valuable and research-worthy work in terms of its literary texts and curricula, analyses and analyses related to the Arabic language. Moreo-ver, the fact that the author has works on Arabic language and refers to them in his work is proof that the author, in addition to being a scholar of siyer and history, is also an important Arabic linguist. Some of the aspects of the Arabic language dis-cussed in the study can be listed under the following sub-headings: Language and Style, Eyyām al-Arab narratives, grammatical analysis, curriculum and dictionary sections. In addition to this, all Arabic language works from the author's own era to the early periods are listed and the situation of the author's utilization of them is tried to be mentioned. In the language and style of the work, there are titles such as narration, description and descriptions, use of poetry, scientific narratives, inst-ructive and explanatory, provocative and epic narratives. Under the heading of narrativism, the narration of the work and the abundant use of ri-vâyet phrases in the narration of the subject are mentioned. Under the heading of depictions and descriptions, the author's explicit description of the period of asr-ı saâdat is men-tioned. In the poetry narratives, examples of poems on the themes of ignorance and polytheism, praise (medh), criticism (zamm), heroism (jihad) and mercy are given. Through the sample poems given, it is possible to familiarize oneself with the fa-mous styles of Arabic poetry such as jahiliyyah, medih, zamm, butūla, and risā'. By accessing the original texts of the poems in the Arabic language, the meanings of the poems are tried to be touched upon, and thus, the styles of the famous Compa-nions in poetry and their depiction of the environment of the asr al-Sa'âdat and the period are tried to be recognized through the Arabic poetry in the form of press-publication in that period. Likewise, the other narrative styles of the work, such as scholarly narratives, exposition, commentary, proof, and epic narratives, are the distinctive narrative styles of the work. Each of these titles is explained and expla-ined with examples. The author presents scholarly narratives of Islamic sciences. Especially with his identity as a historian and a linguist, he deals with the subjects with the aforementioned narrative styles. The above-mentioned narrative styles are encountered in the classifications in all sub-branches of siyar such as hasāʾis, shamāʾil, delāʾil, fezāʾil, and medicine of the Prophet. As a result, the work includes a large amount of Arabic Shi'ism and its early forms, and thematically, it centers on siyar and contains certain narrative styles mentioned above.