Prevalence of FH-Causing Variants and Impact on LDL-C Concentration in European, South Asian, and African Ancestry Groups of the UK Biobank

• Published in: Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology
• Main Authors: Gratton, Jasmine, Humphries, Steve E., Futema, Marta
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States Lippincott Williams & Wilkins 06-07-2023
• Subjects: prevalence; risk; lipoprotein; heart disease; principal component analysis
• ISSN: 1079-5642; 1524-4636
• DOI: 10.1161/ATVBAHA.123.319438

Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is a monogenic disease that causes high low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and higher risk of premature coronary heart disease. The prevalence of FH-causing variants and their association with LDL-C in non-European populations remains largely unknown. Using DNA diagnosis in a population-based cohort, we aimed to estimate the prevalence of FH across 3 major ancestry groups in the United Kingdom.
Principal component analysis was used to distinguish genetic ancestry in UK Biobank participants. Whole exome sequencing data were analyzed to provide a genetic diagnosis of FH. LDL-C concentrations were adjusted for statin use.
Principal component analysis distinguished 140 439 European, 4067 South Asian, and 3906 African participants with lipid and whole exome sequencing data. There were significant differences between the 3 groups, including total and LDL-C concentrations, and prevalence and incidence of coronary heart disease. We identified 488, 18, and 15 participants of European, South Asian, and African ancestry carrying a likely pathogenic or pathogenic FH-variant. No statistical difference in the prevalence of an FH-causing variant was observed: 1 out of 288 (95% CI, 1/316-1/264) in European, 1 out of 260 (95% CI, 1/526-1/173) in African, and 1 out of 226 (95% CI, 1/419-1/155) in South Asian. Carriers of an FH-causing variant had significantly higher LDL-C concentration than noncarriers in every ancestry group. There was no difference in mean (statin-use adjusted) LDL-C concentration in FH-variant carriers depending on their ancestry background. Self-reported statin use was nonsignificantly highest in FH-variant carriers of South Asian ancestry (55.6%), followed by African (40.0%) and European (33.8%;
=0.15).
The prevalence of FH-causing variants in the UK Biobank is similar across the ancestry groups analyzed. Despite overall differences in lipid concentrations, FH-variant carriers across the 3 ancestry groups had similar LDL-C levels. In all ancestry groups, the proportion of FH-variant carriers treated with lipid-lowering therapy should be improved to reduce future risk of premature coronary heart disease.