Bacterial vaginosis. Epidemiology and risk factors

• Published in: Srpski arhiv za celokupno lekarstvo Vol. 128; no. 1-2; p. 29
• Main Authors: Georgijević, A, Cjukić-Ivancević, S, Bujko, M
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: Serbian
• Published: Serbia 01-01-2000
• Subjects: Adult; Female; Humans; Incidence; Middle Aged; Risk Factors; Vaginosis, Bacterial - epidemiology; Vaginosis, Bacterial - etiology; Vaginosis, Bacterial - microbiology; Yugoslavia - epidemiology; Yugoslavia
• ISSN: 0370-8179

Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a change in vaginal ecosystem where lactobacilli dominate, flora is absent or greatly reduced, and replaced with a mixed, predominantly anaerobic flora, consisting of Gardnerella vaginalis, Mycoplasma hominis, Mobiluncus spp, Bacteroides spp, Prevotela spp, Peptostreptococcus spp, Fusobacterium spp and Porphyromonas spp. The concentration of bacteria increases from 100 to 1000 fold in women with BV compared to healthy women. BV has been formerly known as nonspecific vaginitis, Haemophilus vaginitis, Corynebacterium vaginitis, Gardnerella vaginitis and anaerobic vaginintis. BV is the most prevalent form of vaginal disturbances in reproductive age women. The average incidence of BV varies: 10-35% in patients visiting gynaecological wards, 10-30% in patients visiting obstetric wards and 20-60% in patients visiting services of sexually transmitted diseases. A typical clinical symptom of BV is malodorous vaginal discharge. However, more than 50% of all women with BV are asymptomatic. BV has been associated with many gynaecological and obstetric complications such as cervicitis, salpingitis, endometritis, postoperative infections, urinary tract infections, pelvic inflammatory disease, mild abnormal Pap smear results and possible link with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, preterm delivery, premature rupture of the membranes, chorioamnionitis and postpartum endometritis. Factors that increase the risk of BV are multiple partners, exposure to semen, prior trichomoniasis, intrauterine device usage, smoking, indigent population and frequent use of scented soap. Diagnosis of BV is established by Amsel's criteria of which three of four are the following: presence of homogeneous discharge, vaginal fluid pH > 4.5, positive amine test and microscopic analysis of Gram stained smear of vaginal discharge where "clue" cells (epithelial vaginal cells covered with mass of adherent bacteria, mostly coccobacilli) should be detected. The treatment of patients with BV consist of metronidazole or clindamycin, per os or intravaginally. The treatment of asymptomatic women and male sex partners of women with BV is controversial. The aim of the study was to establish the occurrence rate of BV in our women and potential factors increasing the risk of BV. We examined 166 women at the Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, University School of Medicine, Belgrade. Diagnosis of BV was established by Amsel's criteria. Each woman filled in a special questionnaire. Pregnant women were excluded. BV was diagnosed in 25% (33/166) of women. BV was more common among women with multiple partners. The most prevalent clinical symptom of BV was malodorous vaginal discharge. Vaginal symptoms became more evident after intercourse. Taking into consideration the occurrence rate of BV and its connection with numerous gynaecological and obstetric sequelae, and taking into account that the diagnosis of BV is quick, simple and inexpensive, we suggest that the examination of BV in women becomes a usual procedure.