High-resolution CISS MR imaging with and without contrast for evaluation of the upper cranial nerves: segmental anatomy and selected pathologic conditions of the cisternal through extraforaminal segments

• Published in: Neuroimaging clinics of North America Vol. 24; no. 1; pp. 17 - 34
• Main Authors: Blitz, Ari M, Macedo, Leonardo L, Chonka, Zachary D, Ilica, Ahmet T, Choudhri, Asim F, Gallia, Gary L, Aygun, Nafi
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States 01-02-2014
• Subjects: Adult; Anatomic Landmarks - pathology; Cisterna Magna - pathology; Cranial Nerve Diseases - pathology; Cranial Nerves - pathology; Female; Humans; Image Enhancement - methods; Imaging, Three-Dimensional - methods; Magnetic Resonance Imaging - methods; Male; Middle Aged; Segmental classification; CISS; High-resolution MR imaging; Cranial nerves; Upper cranial nerves
• ISSN: 1052-5149; 1557-9867
• DOI: 10.1016/j.nic.2013.03.021

The authors review the course and appearance of the major segments of the upper cranial nerves from their apparent origin at the brainstem through the proximal extraforaminal region, focusing on the imaging and anatomic features of particular relevance to high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging evaluation. Selected pathologic entities are included in the discussion of the corresponding cranial nerve segments for illustrative purposes.