Safewards: a new model of conflict and containment on psychiatric wards

• Published in: Journal of psychiatric and mental health nursing Vol. 21; no. 6; pp. 499 - 508
• Main Author: Bowers, L.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: England Blackwell Publishing Ltd 01-08-2014; Wiley Subscription Services, Inc; BlackWell Publishing Ltd
• Subjects: acute care; Aggression; Coercion; Conflict, Psychological; control and restraint; Humans; inpatient issues; Inpatients - psychology; Mental Disorders - therapy; Models, Nursing; Original; Psychiatric Department, Hospital - standards; Psychiatric Nursing - methods; Psychiatric Nursing - standards; Restraint, Physical; coercion; control and restraint; aggression; inpatient issues; acute care
• ISSN: 1351-0126; 1365-2850
• DOI: 10.1111/jpm.12129

Accessible summary
Rates of violence, self‐harm, absconding and other incidents threatening patients and staff safety vary a great deal by hospital ward. Some wards have high rates, other low. The same goes for the actions of staff to prevent and contain such incidents, such as manual restraint, coerced medication, etc.
The Safewards Model provides a simple and yet powerful explanation as to why these differences in rates occur.
Six features of the inpatient psychiatric system have the capacity to give rise to flashpoints from which adverse incidents may follow.
The Safewards Model makes it easy to generate ideas for changes that will make psychiatric wards safer for patients and staff.
Conflict (aggression, self‐harm, suicide, absconding, substance/alcohol use and medication refusal) and containment (as required medication, coerced intramuscular medication, seclusion, manual restraint, special observation, etc.) place patients and staff at risk of serious harm. The frequency of these events varies between wards, but there are few explanations as to why this is so, and a coherent model is lacking. This paper proposes a comprehensive explanatory model of these differences, and sketches the implications on methods for reducing risk and coercion in inpatient wards. This Safewards Model depicts six domains of originating factors: the staff team, the physical environment, outside hospital, the patient community, patient characteristics and the regulatory framework. These domains give risk to flashpoints, which have the capacity to trigger conflict and/or containment. Staff interventions can modify these processes by reducing the conflict‐originating factors, preventing flashpoints from arising, cutting the link between flashpoint and conflict, choosing not to use containment, and ensuring that containment use does not lead to further conflict. We describe this model systematically and in detail, and show how this can be used to devise strategies for promoting the safety of patients and staff.