Utility of hemoglobin A(1c) for diagnosing prediabetes and diabetes in obese children and adolescents

• Published in: Diabetes care Vol. 34; no. 6; pp. 1306 - 1311
• Main Authors: Nowicka, Paulina, Santoro, Nicola, Liu, Haibei, Lartaud, Derek, Shaw, Melissa M, Goldberg, Rachel, Guandalini, Cindy, Savoye, Mary, Rose, Paulina, Caprio, Sonia
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States American Diabetes Association 01-06-2011
• Subjects: Adolescent; Adult; Biomarkers - blood; Child; Child, Preschool; Children; Clinical Medicine; Dextrose; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 - diagnosis; Diagnosis; Endocrinology and Diabetes; Endokrinologi och diabetes; Female; Glucose; Glucose Tolerance Test; Glucose tolerance tests; Glycated Hemoglobin A - analysis; Glycosylated hemoglobin; Health aspects; Humans; Klinisk medicin; Male; Medical and Health Sciences; Medicin och hälsovetenskap; Obesity - complications; Obesity in adolescence; Obesity in children; Pediatrics; Prediabetic state; Prediabetic State - diagnosis
• ISSN: 0149-5992; 1935-5548; 1935-5548
• DOI: 10.2337/dc10-1984

Hemoglobin A(1c) (A1C) has emerged as a recommended diagnostic tool for identifying diabetes and subjects at risk for the disease. This recommendation is based on data in adults showing the relationship between A1C with future development of diabetes and microvascular complications. However, studies in the pediatric population are lacking.
We studied a multiethnic cohort of 1,156 obese children and adolescents without a diagnosis of diabetes (male, 40%/female, 60%). All subjects underwent an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and A1C measurement. These tests were repeated after a follow-up time of ∼2 years in 218 subjects.
At baseline, subjects were stratified according to A1C categories: 77% with normal glucose tolerance (A1C <5.7%), 21% at risk for diabetes (A1C 5.7-6.4%), and 1% with diabetes (A1C >6.5%). In the at risk for diabetes category, 47% were classified with prediabetes or diabetes, and in the diabetes category, 62% were classified with type 2 diabetes by the OGTT. The area under the curve receiver operating characteristic for A1C was 0.81 (95% CI 0.70-0.92). The threshold for identifying type 2 diabetes was 5.8%, with 78% specificity and 68% sensitivity. In the subgroup with repeated measures, a multivariate analysis showed that the strongest predictors of 2-h glucose at follow-up were baseline A1C and 2-h glucose, independently of age, ethnicity, sex, fasting glucose, and follow-up time.
The American Diabetes Association suggested that an A1C of 6.5% underestimates the prevalence of prediabetes and diabetes in obese children and adolescents. Given the low sensitivity and specificity, the use of A1C by itself represents a poor diagnostic tool for prediabetes and type 2 diabetes in obese children and adolescents.