Protein Kinase C subtype [delta] interacts with Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus capsid protein and regulates viral RNA binding through modulation of capsid phosphorylation

• Published in: PLoS pathogens Vol. 16; no. 3
• Main Authors: Carey, Brian D, Akhrymuk, Ivan, Dahal, Bibha, Pinkham, Chelsea L, Bracci, Nicole, Finstuen-Magro, Sarah, Lin, Shih-Chao, Lehman, Caitlin W, Sokoloski, Kevin J, Kehn-Hall, Kylene
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Public Library of Science 09-03-2020
• Subjects: Amino acids; Development and progression; Encephalitis; Equine encephalomyelitis; Health aspects; Protein binding; Protein kinases; RNA; Viral proteins; Virus replication; Venezuela
• ISSN: 1553-7366; 1553-7374
• DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008282

Protein phosphorylation plays an important role during the life cycle of many viruses. Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) capsid protein has recently been shown to be phosphorylated at four residues. Here those studies are extended to determine the kinase responsible for phosphorylation and the importance of capsid phosphorylation during the viral life cycle. Phosphorylation site prediction software suggests that Protein Kinase C (PKC) is responsible for phosphorylation of VEEV capsid. VEEV capsid co-immunoprecipitated with PKC[delta], but not other PKC isoforms and siRNA knockdown of PKC[delta] caused a decrease in viral replication. Furthermore, knockdown of PKC[delta] by siRNA decreased capsid phosphorylation. A virus with capsid phosphorylation sites mutated to alanine (VEEV CPD) displayed a lower genomic copy to pfu ratio than the parental virus; suggesting more efficient viral assembly and more infectious particles being released. RNA:capsid binding was significantly increased in the mutant virus, confirming these results. Finally, VEEV CPD is attenuated in a mouse model of infection, with mice showing increased survival and decreased clinical signs as compared to mice infected with the parental virus. Collectively our data support a model in which PKC[delta] mediated capsid phosphorylation regulates viral RNA binding and assembly, significantly impacting viral pathogenesis.