Developing mental health curricula and a service provision model for clinical associates in South Africa: a Delphi survey of family physicians and psychiatrists

• Published in: BMC medical education Vol. 24; no. 1; pp. 669 - 13
• Main Authors: Moodley, Saiendhra Vasudevan, Wolvaardt, Jacqueline, Grobler, Christoffel
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: England BioMed Central Ltd 17-06-2024; BioMed Central; BMC
• Subjects: Careers; Clinical associates; Consensus; Curricula; Curriculum; Delphi method; Delphi panel; Delphi Technique; Education, Medical, Graduate; Education, Medical, Undergraduate; Educational Needs; Educational research; Expenditures; Experiential Learning; Female; Health services; Hospitals; Humans; Male; Medical education; Medical personnel; Mental disorders; Mental Health; Mental health care; Mental Health Programs; Mental Health Services; Mental Health Workers; Mental illness; Physician assistants; Physicians, Family - education; Private sector; Problem based learning; Professionals; Psychiatric services; Psychiatrists; Psychiatry; Psychiatry - education; Public sector; Rural areas; Rural Urban Differences; Shortages; South Africa; Specialization; Students; Study and teaching; Surveys and Questionnaires; Task sharing; Teaching Methods; Training; Undergraduate Study; Workforce; South Africa; United Kingdom > UK; United States > US; Training; Task sharing; Mental health; Delphi panel; Curriculum; Clinical associates; Delphi method; Mental illness
• ISSN: 1472-6920; 1472-6920
• DOI: 10.1186/s12909-024-05637-2

Clinical associates are a health professional cadre that could be utilised in mental health task sharing in South Africa but this is training dependent. The objectives of the study were to identify the potential curricula content, training sites, and teaching modalities for undergraduate and potential postgraduate clinical associate mental health training and to identify the tasks that they should perform based on these curricula.
We utilised the Delphi method to reach consensus on items with the panel comprising psychiatrists and family physicians. The first round questionnaire of the Delphi survey was developed based on a literature review and the results from earlier phases of the overall study. The survey was administered electronically and consisted of three rounds. Following both the first and second rounds, an updated questionnaire was constructed omitting the items on which consensus was reached. The questionnaire consisted primarily of nine-point scales with consensus based on 70% of participants rating 1,2,3 or 7,8,9.
There were 26 participants in the first round with this number falling to 23 in later rounds. There was strong consensus on a training attachment to a mental health clinic at a community health centre (CHC) at undergraduate (96.2%) and postgraduate level (100%). Consensus was reached on the importance of training on the management of six categories of disorders at the undergraduate level and nine categories of disorders at the postgraduate level. Clerking patients as a teaching modality reached 100% consensus at both undergraduate and postgraduate levels. PHC clinics, CHCs and district hospitals reached consensus as appropriate settings for clinical associates to provide mental health services. In addition, GP practices and secondary hospitals reached consensus for those with postgraduate training. Consensus was reached on ten of the 21 listed tasks that could be performed based on undergraduate training and 20 of the 21 tasks based on a postgraduate qualification in mental health.
The Delphi panel's recommendations provide a clear roadmap for enhancing mental health curricula for clinical associates, enabling their utilisation in mental health service provision. A future postgraduate mental health qualification for clinical associates would allow for expanded task sharing.