Safe access to safe water in low income countries: Water fetching in current times

• Published in: Social science & medicine (1982) Vol. 72; no. 9; pp. 1522 - 1526
• Main Authors: Sorenson, Susan B., Morssink, Christiaan, Campos, Paola Abril
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Kidlington Elsevier Ltd 01-05-2011; Elsevier; Pergamon Press Inc
• Series: Social Science & Medicine
• Subjects: Biological and medical sciences; Data Collection; Developing Countries; Drinking water; Economic development; Economic development Gender Low-income countries Public health Sex differences Water Water carrying Women's health; Female; Females; Gender; Gender differences; Health Care Costs; Health Problems; Historical Development; Humans; Low income; Low Income Groups; Low-income countries; Male; Medical sciences; Miscellaneous; Poverty; Public Health; Public health. Hygiene; Public health. Hygiene-occupational medicine; Quality of Life; Safety; Sex differences; Sex differentiation; Sex Factors; Surface water; United States; Water; Water carrying; Water resources; Water Supply; Weather; Women; Women's Health; United States; Water; Low-income countries; Sex differences; Water carrying; Women’s health; Gender; Economic development; Public health; Human; Accessibility; Sex; Developing countries; Male; Female; Social medicine; Woman; Comparative study; Women's health
• ISSN: 0277-9536; 1873-5347
• DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.03.010

A substantial portion of the world’s population does not have ready access to safe water. Moreover, obtaining water may involve great expense of time and energy for those who have no water sources in or near home. From an historical perspective, with the invention of piped water, fetching water has only recently become largely irrelevant in many locales. In addition, in most instances, wells and clean surface water were so close by that fetching was not considered a problem. However, population growth, weather fluctuations and social upheavals have made the daily chore of carrying water highly problematic and a public health problem of great magnitude for many, especially women, in the poor regions and classes of the world. In this paper, we consider gender differences in water carrying and summarize data about water access and carrying from 44 countries that participated in the Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) program. Women and children are the most common water carriers, and they spend considerable time (many trips take more than an hour) supplying water to their households. Time is but one measure of the cost of fetching water; caloric expenditures, particularly during droughts, and other measures that affect health and quality of life must be considered. The full costs of fetching water must be considered when measuring progress toward two Millennium Development Goals – increasing access to safe drinking water and seeking an end to poverty.