Chronic Inflammation and Cytokines in the Tumor Microenvironment

• Published in: Journal of immunology research Vol. 2014; no. 2014; pp. 1 - 19
• Main Authors: Thuwajit, Chanitra, Thuwajit, Peti, De la Fuente, Marjorie, Landskron, Glauben, Hermoso, Marcela A.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Cairo, Egypt Hindawi Publishing Corporation 01-01-2014; Hindawi Limited
• Subjects: Angiogenesis; Apoptosis; Bile Duct Neoplasms - genetics; Bile Duct Neoplasms - metabolism; Bile Duct Neoplasms - pathology; Bile Ducts, Intrahepatic - metabolism; Bile Ducts, Intrahepatic - pathology; Cancer; Cancer therapies; Carcinogenesis - genetics; Chemokines; Cholangiocarcinoma - genetics; Cholangiocarcinoma - metabolism; Cholangiocarcinoma - pathology; Chronic Disease; Clinical trials; Colitis - complications; Colitis - genetics; Colitis - metabolism; Colitis - pathology; Colorectal Neoplasms - etiology; Colorectal Neoplasms - genetics; Colorectal Neoplasms - metabolism; Colorectal Neoplasms - pathology; Cytokines; Disease; Free radicals; Gene Expression; Humans; Immune system; Immunology; Inflammation - complications; Inflammation - genetics; Inflammation - metabolism; Inflammation - pathology; Interleukin-10 - genetics; Interleukin-10 - metabolism; Interleukin-6 - genetics; Interleukin-6 - metabolism; Medical prognosis; Metastasis; Mortality; Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; Oxidative Stress; Proteins; Review; Transforming Growth Factor beta - genetics; Transforming Growth Factor beta - metabolism; Tumor Microenvironment - genetics; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha - genetics; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha - metabolism; Tumorigenesis; Tumors
• ISSN: 2314-8861; 2314-7156
• DOI: 10.1155/2014/149185

Acute inflammation is a response to an alteration induced by a pathogen or a physical or chemical insult, which functions to eliminate the source of the damage and restore homeostasis to the affected tissue. However, chronic inflammation triggers cellular events that can promote malignant transformation of cells and carcinogenesis. Several inflammatory mediators, such as TNF-α, IL-6, TGF-β, and IL-10, have been shown to participate in both the initiation and progression of cancer. In this review, we explore the role of these cytokines in important events of carcinogenesis, such as their capacity to generate reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, their potential mutagenic effect, and their involvement in mechanisms for epithelial mesenchymal transition, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Finally, we will provide an in-depth analysis of the participation of these cytokines in two types of cancer attributable to chronic inflammatory disease: colitis-associated colorectal cancer and cholangiocarcinoma.