Etiology of meningitis among adults in three quaternary hospitals in Mozambique, 2016-2017: The role of HIV

• Published in: PloS one Vol. 17; no. 5; p. e0267949
• Main Authors: Nhantumbo, Aquino Albino, Comé, Charlotte Elizabeth, Maholela, Plácida Iliany, Munguambe, Alcides Moniz, Costa, Paulino da, Mott, Mariana, Cunha, Gabriella Rosa, Chambal, Lúcia, Dias, Cícero, Cantarelli, Vlademir Vicente, Gudo, Eduardo Samo
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States Public Library of Science 11-05-2022; Public Library of Science (PLoS)
• Subjects: Adolescent; Adult; Adults; Algorithms; Antigens; Antigens, Fungal - analysis; Assaying; Bacteria; Biology and Life Sciences; Care and treatment; Cerebrospinal fluid; Comorbidity; Cryptococcus; Cryptococcus neoformans; Data collection; Diagnosis; Diagnostic tests; Drug therapy; E coli; Etiology; Fungal infections; Fungi; HIV; HIV Infections - complications; HIV Infections - diagnosis; HIV Infections - epidemiology; Hospitals; Human immunodeficiency virus; Humans; Immune system; Laboratories; Medicine and Health Sciences; Meningitis; Meningitis, Cryptococcal - diagnosis; Meningitis, Cryptococcal - epidemiology; Meningitis, Pneumococcal; Mortality; Mozambique - epidemiology; Patients; People and Places; Polymerase chain reaction; Public health; Retrospective Studies; Risk factors; Staphylococcus aureus; Surveillance; Surveillance systems; Tuberculosis; Vaccines; Viruses; Mozambique; Africa
• ISSN: 1932-6203; 1932-6203
• DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0267949

Meningitis remains an important cause of morbi-mortality in adults in sub-Saharan Africa. Data on the etiological investigation of meningitis in adults in Mozambique is limited and most studies were conducted in southern Mozambique. Identification of the etiology of meningitis in adults are crucial to guide prevention and treatments strategies. In this study, we determine the burden of fungal and bacterial meningitis among adults at the three largest hospitals in Mozambique.
We performed analysis of data from the routine sentinel surveillance system for meningitis in Mozambique from January 2016 to December 2017. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples were collected from eligible adults (≥18 years old) who met World Health Organization (WHO) case definition criteria for Meningitis. All samples were tested by cryptococcal antigen (CrAg) lateral flow assay (LFA), culture and triplex real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assay and all patients were tested for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) using the national algorithm for HIV testing.
Retrospective analysis of 1501 CSF samples from adults clinically suspected of meningitis revealed that 10.5% (158/1501) were positive for bacterial and fungal meningitis. Of these 158 confirmed cases, the proportion of Cryptococcal meningitis and pneumococcal meningitis was38.6% (95% CI: 31.0% to 46.7%) and 36.7% (95% CI: 29.2% to 44.7%), respectively. The other bacterial agents of meningitis identified include Neisseria meningitidis (8.9%; 14/158), Escherichia coli (6.3%; 10/158), Haemophilus influenzae (5.1%; 8/158) and S. aureus (4.4%; 7/158), which represent (24.7%; 39/158) of the total confirmed cases.
Altogether, our findings show a high burden of Cryptococcal meningitis among adults in Mozambique, especially in people living with HIV, followed by pneumococcal meningitis. Our findings suggest that rollout of CrAg Lateral Flow Assay in the health system in Mozambique for early detection of cryptococcus neoformans is necessary to improve overall patient care.