Mapping connectivity damage in the case of Phineas Gage

• Published in: PloS one Vol. 7; no. 5; p. e37454
• Main Authors: Van Horn, John Darrell, Irimia, Andrei, Torgerson, Carinna M, Chambers, Micah C, Kikinis, Ron, Toga, Arthur W
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States Public Library of Science 16-05-2012; Public Library of Science (PLoS)
• Subjects: Adult; Biology; Brain; Brain damage; Brain injuries; Brain Injuries - complications; Brain Injuries - history; Brain Injuries - pathology; Brain mapping; Computed tomography; Computer simulation; Cortex (frontal); Damage assessment; Damage localization; Data analysis; Diffusion; Frontal Lobe - injuries; Frontal Lobe - pathology; Gage; Head injuries; History, 19th Century; Humans; Impact damage; Iron; Laboratories; Magnetic resonance; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Mapping; Medical imaging; Medical imaging equipment; Medical schools; Medicine; Museums; Nerve Fibers, Myelinated - pathology; Nervous system; Network hubs; Neural networks; Neuroimaging; Neuroimaging - history; Neurology; Neurosciences; NMR; Nuclear magnetic resonance; Personality Disorders - etiology; Skull; Studies; Substantia alba; Substantia grisea; Tamping; Tomography, X-Ray Computed; Traumatic brain injury; Vermont; Vermont; Los Angeles California; United States > US; California
• ISSN: 1932-6203; 1932-6203
• DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037454

White matter (WM) mapping of the human brain using neuroimaging techniques has gained considerable interest in the neuroscience community. Using diffusion weighted (DWI) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), WM fiber pathways between brain regions may be systematically assessed to make inferences concerning their role in normal brain function, influence on behavior, as well as concerning the consequences of network-level brain damage. In this paper, we investigate the detailed connectomics in a noted example of severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) which has proved important to and controversial in the history of neuroscience. We model the WM damage in the notable case of Phineas P. Gage, in whom a "tamping iron" was accidentally shot through his skull and brain, resulting in profound behavioral changes. The specific effects of this injury on Mr. Gage's WM connectivity have not previously been considered in detail. Using computed tomography (CT) image data of the Gage skull in conjunction with modern anatomical MRI and diffusion imaging data obtained in contemporary right handed male subjects (aged 25-36), we computationally simulate the passage of the iron through the skull on the basis of reported and observed skull fiducial landmarks and assess the extent of cortical gray matter (GM) and WM damage. Specifically, we find that while considerable damage was, indeed, localized to the left frontal cortex, the impact on measures of network connectedness between directly affected and other brain areas was profound, widespread, and a probable contributor to both the reported acute as well as long-term behavioral changes. Yet, while significantly affecting several likely network hubs, damage to Mr. Gage's WM network may not have been more severe than expected from that of a similarly sized "average" brain lesion. These results provide new insight into the remarkable brain injury experienced by this noteworthy patient.