The association between being currently in school and HIV prevalence among young women in nine eastern and southern African countries

• Published in: PloS one Vol. 13; no. 6; p. e0198898
• Main Authors: Mee, Paul, Fearon, Elizabeth, Hassan, Syreen, Hensen, Bernadette, Acharya, Xeno, Rice, Brian D, Hargreaves, James R
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States Public Library of Science 20-06-2018; Public Library of Science (PLoS)
• Subjects: Acquired immune deficiency syndrome; Adolescent; Africa, Eastern - epidemiology; Africa, Southern - epidemiology; Age; AIDS; Biology and Life Sciences; Biomarkers; Care and treatment; Consortia; Datasets; Demographics; Education; Educational attainment; Educational Status; Female; Girls; Health risks; HIV; HIV infections; HIV Seroprevalence; Human immunodeficiency virus; Humans; Hygiene; Infections; Marriage; Medicine; Medicine and Health Sciences; Odds Ratio; People and Places; Polls & surveys; Public health; Regression analysis; Sexual behavior; Sexually transmitted diseases; Social Determinants of Health; Social Sciences; Society; Statistical analysis; STD; Student Dropouts - statistics & numerical data; Students - statistics & numerical data; Systematic review; Womens health; Young Adult; Young adults; Young women; Africa, Eastern; Africa, Southern; Mozambique; United Kingdom > UK; Malawi; Africa; Tanzania; Zimbabwe; South Africa; Uganda; Kenya; Lesotho
• ISSN: 1932-6203; 1932-6203
• DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198898

Interventions to keep adolescent girls and young women in school, or support their return to school, are hypothesised to also reduce HIV risk. Such interventions are included in the DREAMS combination package of evidence-based interventions. Although there is evidence of reduced risky sexual behaviours, the impact on HIV incidence is unclear. We used nationally representative surveys to investigate the association between being in school and HIV prevalence.
We analysed Demographic and Health Survey data from nine DREAMS countries in sub-Saharan Africa restricted to young women aged 15-19 (n = 20,429 in total). We used logistic regression to assess cross-sectional associations between being in school and HIV status and present odds ratios adjusted for age, socio-economic status, residence, marital status, educational attainment and birth history (aOR). We investigated whether associations seen differed across countries and by age.
HIV prevalence (1.0%-9.8%), being currently in school (50.0%-72.6%) and the strength of association between the two, varied between countries. We found strong evidence that being currently in school was associated with a reduced odds of being HIV positive in Lesotho (aOR: 0.37; 95%CI: 0.17-0.79), Swaziland (aOR: 0.32; 95%CI: 0.17-0.59), and Uganda (aOR: 0.48: 95%CI: 0.29-0.80) and no statistically significant evidence for this in Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Tanzania, Zambia or Zimbabwe.
Although the relationship is not uniform across countries or over time, these data are supportive of the hypothesis that young women in school are at lower risk of being HIV positive than those who leave school in some sub-Saharan African settings. There is a possibility of reverse causality, with pre-existing HIV infection leading to school drop-out. Further investigation of the contextual factors behind this variation will be important in interpreting the results of HIV prevention interventions promoting retention in school.