Serum albumin and mortality in patients with HIV and end-stage renal failure on peritoneal dialysis

• Published in: PloS one Vol. 14; no. 6; p. e0218156
• Main Authors: Ndlovu, Kwazi Celani Zwakele, Chikobvu, Perpetual, Mofokeng, Thabiso, Gounden, Verena, Assounga, Alain
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States Public Library of Science 10-06-2019; Public Library of Science (PLoS)
• Subjects: Acquired immune deficiency syndrome; AIDS; Albumin; BCG; Biology and Life Sciences; C-reactive protein; C-Reactive Protein - metabolism; Care and treatment; CD4 antigen; CD4 Lymphocyte Count - methods; Chronic kidney failure; Confidence intervals; Diabetes mellitus; Dialysis; Disease susceptibility; End-stage renal disease; Energy management; Engineering and Technology; Fatalities; Glycosylated hemoglobin; Health aspects; Health risks; Hemoglobin; Hemoglobins; HIV; HIV infections; HIV Infections - metabolism; HIV Infections - mortality; HIV Infections - virology; HIV patients; Human immunodeficiency virus; Humans; Immunity; Infection; Infections; Kidney diseases; Kidney failure; Kidney Failure, Chronic - metabolism; Kidney Failure, Chronic - mortality; Kidney Failure, Chronic - virology; Luthuli, A J (Albert John) (1898-1967); Medical diagnosis; Medical instruments; Medical research; Medicine and Health Sciences; Mortality; Peritoneal dialysis; Peritoneal Dialysis, Continuous Ambulatory - methods; Peritoneum; Physical Sciences; Proportional Hazards Models; Prospective Studies; Proteins; Regression analysis; Regression coefficients; Renal failure; Research and Analysis Methods; Serum albumin; Serum Albumin - metabolism; Socioeconomics; South Africa; Statistical analysis; Therapy; South Africa; United States > US
• ISSN: 1932-6203; 1932-6203
• DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218156

Peritoneal dialysis (PD) is an easily implementable dialysis modality in end-stage renal disease (ESRD). PD may improve access to renal replacement therapy in low- and middle-income countries; however, these countries have a higher prevalence of protein-energy wasting in patients and poorer socioeconomic conditions. We evaluated the effects of HIV infection on serum albumin levels in ESRD patients starting continuous ambulatory PD (CAPD) and mortality outcomes.
We conducted a single-center prospective cohort study of consecutive incident CAPD patients recruited from two hospitals in Durban, South Africa, from September 2012 to February 2015. Seventy HIV-negative and 70 HIV-positive ESRD patients were followed monthly for serum albumin levels and mortality events during the first 18 months of CAPD therapy.
The HIV-positive cohort recorded 28 deaths (40%) among patients with a functional CAPD catheter at 18 months and 13 deaths (18.6%) in the HIV-negative cohort (p = 0.005). The mean serum albumin levels were lower in the HIV-positive cohort than in the HIV-negative cohort during the 18-month follow-up. The mean difference in serum albumin levels between the two cohorts was 4.24 g/L (95% confidence interval [CI] 2.02-6.46, p<0.001) at baseline and 3.99 g/L (95% CI 1.19-6.79, p = 0.006) at 18 months. HIV-positive status (adjusted regression coefficient -2.84, CI -5.00--0.67, p = 0.011), diabetes (adjusted coefficient -2.85; CI, -5.58--0.12; p = 0.041), and serum C-reactive protein and blood hemoglobin levels were independent predictors of serum albumin levels on multivariable linear regression. Baseline serum albumin <25 g/L (subdistribution-hazard ratio [SHR] 13.06, 95% CI 3.09-55.14, p<0.001) and CD4+ cell count <200 cells/μL (SHR 3.2, CI 1.38-7.45, p = 0.007) were independent predictors of mortality in our competing risk model.
HIV infection can adversely affect serum albumin levels in ESRD patients managed with CAPD, while low baseline serum albumin levels and impaired immunity reliably predict mortality.