The link between obesity and low circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations: considerations and implications

• Published in: International Journal of Obesity Vol. 36; no. 3; pp. 387 - 396
• Main Authors: Earthman, C P, Beckman, L M, Masodkar, K, Sibley, S D
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: London Nature Publishing Group UK 01-03-2012; Nature Publishing Group
• Subjects: Adipocytes; Adipose tissue; Alfacalcidol; Bariatric Surgery - statistics & numerical data; Biological and medical sciences; Body fat; Calcifediol; Cause-effect relationships; Complications and side effects; Diagnosis; Enzymes; Epidemiology; Female; Food science; Gastrointestinal surgery; Health aspects; Health Promotion and Disease Prevention; Humans; Internal Medicine; Male; Medical sciences; Medicine; Medicine & Public Health; Metabolic Diseases; Nutrition; Obesity; Obesity, Morbid - blood; Obesity, Morbid - complications; Obesity, Morbid - etiology; Obesity, Morbid - surgery; Public Health; review; Risk factors; Vitamin D; Vitamin D - analogs & derivatives; Vitamin D - blood; Vitamin D deficiency; Vitamin D Deficiency - blood; Vitamin D Deficiency - complications; Vitamin D Deficiency - etiology; Vitamin deficiency; Weight control; United States; United States > US; adipose; deficiency; vitamin D; inadequacy; insufficiency; Obesity; Adipose tissue; Nutrition; Steroid hormone; Deficiency; Nutrition disorder; Metabolic diseases; Concentration; Vitamin D; Cholecalciferol(25-hydroxy); Nutritional status
• ISSN: 0307-0565; 1476-5497
• DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2011.119

Obesity and vitamin D deficiency have both been recognized as major public health issues worldwide, and there is growing evidence that they are related, although the cause–effect relationship remains unclear. Could obesity be contributing to low circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations? Alternatively, could low vitamin D status predispose to obesity? In this review, the relationship between low circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D and obesity, and possible underlying reasons from both perspectives, is presented. One potential mechanism by which obesity could contribute to low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D is adipose sequestration of vitamin D. On the other hand, adipose tissue has both the vitamin D receptor and the ability to synthesize 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, and there is evidence that vitamin D may regulate adipose tissue mass, differentiation and metabolism in ways that might contribute to obesity. Of particular interest, vitamin D deficiency is common both before and after bariatric surgery, and is often difficult to treat, particularly with the more malabsorptive procedures. Additional research is needed to elucidate the complex and multifaceted factors underlying the association between low circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D and obesity, and to identify optimal treatment approaches in obese individuals and in bariatric surgical patients both before and after surgery.