From the solution processing of hydrophilic molecules to polymer-phthalocyanine hybrid materials for ammonia sensing in high humidity atmospheres

• Published in: Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) Vol. 14; no. 8; pp. 13476 - 13495
• Main Authors: Gaudillat, Pierre, Jurin, Florian, Lakard, Boris, Buron, Cédric, Suisse, Jean-Moïse, Bouvet, Marcel
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Switzerland MDPI AG 24-07-2014; MDPI
• Subjects: Absorbance; Ammonia; Ammonia - chemistry; Aniline Compounds - chemistry; Atmosphere - chemistry; Chemical Sciences; Chlorides; conductometric sensor; Detection; Gases; Humidity; hybrid material; Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; Indoles - chemistry; layer-by-layer; Morphology; phthalocyanine; polyaniline; Polyethylene glycol; Polymers; Polymers - chemistry; Relative humidity; Resistors; Sensors; solution processing; Solutions - chemistry; Solvents; France; hybrid material; solution processing; layer-by-layer; relative humidity; conductometric sensor; phthalocyanine; ammonia; polyaniline
• ISSN: 1424-8220; 1424-8220
• DOI: 10.3390/s140813476

We have prepared different hybrid polymer-phthalocyanine materials by solution processing, starting from two sulfonated phthalocyanines, s-CoPc and CuTsPc, and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), polyethylene glycol (PEG), poly(acrylic acid-co-acrylamide) (PAA-AM), poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDDA) and polyaniline (PANI) as polymers. We also studied the response to ammonia (NH3) of resistors prepared from these sensing materials. The solvent casted films, prepared from s-CoPc and PVP, PEG and PAA-AM, were highly insulating and very sensitive to the relative humidity (RH) variation. The incorporation of s-CoPc in PDDA by means of layer-by-layer (LBL) technique allowed to stabilize the film, but was too insulating to be interesting. We also prepared PANI-CuTsPc hybrid films by LBL technique. It allowed a regular deposition as evidenced by the linear increase of the absorbance at 688 nm as a function of the number of bilayers. The sensitivity to ammonia (NH3) of PANi-CuTsPc resistors was very high compared to that of individual materials, giving up to 80% of current decrease when exposed to 30 ppm NH3. Contrarily to what happens with neutral polymers, in PANI, CuTsPc was stabilized by strong electrostatic interactions, leading to a stable response to NH3, whatever the relative humidity in the range 10%-70%. Thus, the synergy of PANI with ionic macrocycles used as counteranions combined with their simple aqueous solution processing opens the way to the development of new gas sensors capable of operating in real world conditions.