Organoid Models of Human Gastrointestinal Development and Disease

• Published in: Gastroenterology (New York, N.Y. 1943) Vol. 150; no. 5; pp. 1098 - 1112
• Main Authors: Dedhia, Priya H, Bertaux-Skeirik, Nina, Zavros, Yana, Spence, Jason R
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States Elsevier Inc 01-05-2016
• Subjects: Animals; Cell Differentiation; Cell Lineage; Cell Proliferation; Gastroenterology and Hepatology; Gastrointestinal Development; Gastrointestinal Disease; Gastrointestinal Diseases - pathology; Gastrointestinal Diseases - physiopathology; Gastrointestinal Regeneration; Gastrointestinal Tract - cytology; Gastrointestinal Tract - physiology; Gut Organoids; Humans; Models, Animal; Organogenesis; Organoids - cytology; Organoids - physiology; Phenotype; Pluripotent Stem Cells - physiology; Regeneration; Species Specificity; Tissue Culture Techniques; BE; nuclear factor κB; IBD; Barrett’s esophagus; NF-κB; multiple intestinal atresia; ESC; cystic fibrosis; pluripotent stem cell; 3-dimensional; tissue-engineered small intestine; MVID; polymorphonuclear leukocytes; TESI; PSC; p53 up-regulated modulator of apoptosis; GI; CF; MIA; DSS; iPSC; Toll-like receptor 4; ▪; dextran sodium sulfate; NEC; inflammatory bowel disease; gastrointestinal; PMN; 3D; necrotizing enterocolitis; TGF; embryonic stem cell; induced pluripotent stem cell; cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator; microvillus inclusion disease; PUMA; transforming growth factor; TLR4; CFTR; Gut Organoids; Gastrointestinal Disease; Gastrointestinal Development; Gastrointestinal Regeneration
• ISSN: 0016-5085; 1528-0012
• DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2015.12.042

We have greatly advanced our ability to grow a diverse range of tissue-derived and pluripotent stem cell–derived gastrointestinal (GI) tissues in vitro. These systems, broadly referred to as organoids, have allowed the field to move away from the often nonphysiological, transformed cell lines that have been used for decades in GI research. Organoids are derived from primary tissues and have the capacity for long-term growth. They contain varying levels of cellular complexity and physiological similarity to native organ systems. We review the latest discoveries from studies of tissue-derived and pluripotent stem cell–derived intestinal, gastric, esophageal, liver, and pancreatic organoids. These studies have provided important insights into GI development, tissue homeostasis, and disease and might be used to develop personalized medicines.