Nucleus size and DNA accessibility are linked to the regulation of paraspeckle formation in cellular differentiation

• Published in: BMC biology Vol. 18; no. 1; p. 42
• Main Authors: Grosch, Markus, Ittermann, Sebastian, Rusha, Ejona, Greisle, Tobias, Ori, Chaido, Truong, Dong-Jiunn Jeffery, O'Neill, Adam C, Pertek, Anna, Westmeyer, Gil Gregor, Drukker, Micha
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: England BioMed Central Ltd 22-04-2020; BioMed Central; BMC
• Subjects: Accessibility; Adipocytes; Binding sites; Cardiomyocytes; Cell Differentiation; Cell Nucleus - genetics; Cell Nucleus - physiology; Chemotherapy; Condensates; Deoxyribonucleic acid; Differentiation (biology); Disintegration; DNA; DNA - genetics; DNA - physiology; DNA structure; Fibroblasts; Gene expression; Genomes; Humans; Molecular structure; Neurons; Nuclei (cytology); Pluripotency; Pluripotent Stem Cells - physiology; Proteins; RNA, Long Noncoding - metabolism; Scientific equipment industry; Software industry; Stem cells; Structure-function relationships; Tethering; Transcription factors; United States
• ISSN: 1741-7007; 1741-7007
• DOI: 10.1186/s12915-020-00770-y

Many long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been implicated in general and cell type-specific molecular regulation. Here, we asked what underlies the fundamental basis for the seemingly random appearance of nuclear lncRNA condensates in cells, and we sought compounds that can promote the disintegration of lncRNA condensates in vivo.
As a basis for comparing lncRNAs and cellular properties among different cell types, we screened lncRNAs in human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) that were differentiated to an atlas of cell lineages. We found that paraspeckles, which form by aggregation of the lncRNA NEAT1, are scaled by the size of the nucleus, and that small DNA-binding molecules promote the disintegration of paraspeckles and other lncRNA condensates. Furthermore, we found that paraspeckles regulate the differentiation of hPSCs.
Positive correlation between the size of the nucleus and the number of paraspeckles exist in numerous types of human cells. The tethering and structure of paraspeckles, as well as other lncRNAs, to the genome can be disrupted by small molecules that intercalate in DNA. The structure-function relationship of lncRNAs that regulates stem cell differentiation is likely to be determined by the dynamics of nucleus size and binding site accessibility.