A new Borrelia on the block: Borrelia miyamotoi - a human health risk?

• Published in: Euro surveillance : bulletin européen sur les maladies transmissibles Vol. 24; no. 18; pp. 1 - 14
• Main Authors: Cutler, Sally, Vayssier-Taussat, Muriel, Estrada-Peña, Agustín, Potkonjak, Aleksandar, Mihalca, Andrei Daniel, Zeller, Hervé
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Sweden Centre Europeen pour la Surveillance Epidemiologique du SIDA (European Centre for the Epidemiological Monitoring of AIDS) 02-05-2019; European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control; European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC)
• Subjects: Fever; Health risks; Life Sciences; Lyme disease; Pathogens; Public health; Review; epidemiology; treatment; ecology; Borrelia; vector-host transmission; diagnosis; co-infections; tick-borne infections; relapsing fever; lyme-disease; in-vitos conception; burgdorferi sensu-lato; infection; transmission; united-states; ralapsins fever spirochete; orne pathogens; high-prevalence; ixodes-ricinus ticks
• ISSN: 1560-7917; 1025-496X; 1560-7917; 1025-496X
• DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2019.24.18.1800170

Background
clusters phylogenetically among relapsing fever borreliae, but is transmitted by hard ticks. Recent recognition as a human pathogen has intensified research into its ecology and pathogenic potential.AimsWe aimed to provide a timely critical integrative evaluation of our knowledge on
, to assess its public health relevance and guide future research.MethodsThis narrative review used peer-reviewed literature in English from January 1994 to December 2018.Results
occurs in the world's northern hemisphere where it co-circulates with
sensu lato, which causes Lyme disease. The two borreliae have overlapping vertebrate and tick hosts. While ticks serve as vectors for both species, they are also reservoirs for
. Three
genotypes are described, but further diversity is being recognised. The lack of sufficient cultivable isolates and vertebrate models compromise investigation of human infection and its consequences. Our understanding mainly originates from limited case series. In these, human infections mostly present as influenza-like illness, with relapsing fever in sporadic cases and neurological disease reported in immunocompromised patients. Unspecific clinical presentation, also occasionally resulting from Lyme- or other co-infections, complicates diagnosis, likely contributing to under-reporting. Diagnostics mainly employ PCR and serology.
infections are treated with antimicrobials according to regimes used for Lyme disease.ConclusionsWith co-infection of tick-borne pathogens being commonplace, diagnostic improvements remain important. Developing in vivo models might allow more insight into human pathogenesis. Continued ecological and human case studies are key to better epidemiological understanding, guiding intervention strategies.