Failure to follow up abnormal test results associated with cervical cancer in primary and ambulatory care: a systematic review

• Published in: BMC cancer Vol. 23; no. 1; p. 653
• Main Authors: Martinez-Gutierrez, Javiera, Chima, Sophie, Boyd, Lucy, Sherwani, Asma, Drosdowsky, Allison, Karnchanachari, Napin, Luong, Vivien, Reece, Jeanette C, Emery, Jon
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: England BioMed Central Ltd 12-07-2023; BioMed Central; BMC
• Subjects: Abnormal test results; Ambulatory Care; Ambulatory Care Facilities; Ambulatory medical care; Cancer; Cervical cancer; Check lists; Colposcopy; Complications and side effects; Diagnosis; Disease prevention; Family medicine; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Health aspects; Human papilloma virus; Human papillomavirus; Humans; Inadequate follow-up; Infections; Medical diagnosis; Medical screening; Mortality; Oncology, Experimental; Papillomavirus infections; Patient outcomes; Prevention; Primary care; Quality of Life; Risk factors; Services; Systematic review; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms - diagnosis; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms - epidemiology; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms - therapy; Womens health; Australia; Abnormal test results; Human papilloma virus; Inadequate follow-up; Primary care; Cervical cancer
• ISSN: 1471-2407; 1471-2407
• DOI: 10.1186/s12885-023-11082-z

Cervical cancer is a preventable and treatable form of cancer yet continues to be the fourth most common cancer among women globally. Primary care is the first point of contact most patients have with health services and is where most cancer prevention and early detection occur. Inadequate follow-up of abnormal test results for cervical abnormalities in primary care can lead to suboptimal patient outcomes including higher mortality and decreased quality of life.
To explore the magnitude of and factors associated with, inadequate follow-up of test results for cervical abnormalities in primary and ambulatory care.
MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Library and CINAHL were searched for peer-reviewed literature from 2000-2022, excluding case-studies, grey literature, and systematic reviews. Studies were included if they reported on patients aged ≥ 18 years with no previous cancer diagnosis, in a primary care/ambulatory setting. Risk of bias was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical appraisal checklists, appropriate to the study design. A segregated methodology was used to perform a narrative synthesis, maintaining the distinction between quantitative and qualitative research.
We included 27 publications reporting on 26 studies in our review; all were conducted in high-income countries. They included 265,041 participants from a variety of ambulatory settings such as family medicine, primary care, women's services, and colposcopy clinics. Rates of inadequate follow-up ranged from 4 to 75%. Studies reported 41 different factors associated with inadequate follow-up. Personal factors associated with inadequate follow-up included younger age, lower education, and socioeconomic status. Psychological factors were reported by only 3/26 studies and 2/3 found no significant association. System protective factors included the presence of a regular primary care provider and direct notification of abnormal test results.
This review describes inadequate follow-up of abnormal cervical abnormalities in primary care. Prevalence varied and the evidence about causal factors is unclear. Most interventions evaluated were effective in decreasing inadequate follow-up. Examples of effective interventions were appointment reminders via telephone, direct notification of laboratory results, and HPV self-sampling. Even though rates of cervical cancer have decreased over the years, there is a lack of information on factors affecting follow-up in primary care and ambulatory settings, particularly in low and middle-income countries. This information is crucial if we are to achieve WHO's interim targets by 2030, and hope to avert 62 million cervical cancer deaths by 2120.
PROSPERO ID CRD42021250136.