Variability in urinary phthalate metabolite levels across pregnancy and sensitive windows of exposure for the risk of preterm birth

• Published in: Environment international Vol. 70; pp. 118 - 124
• Main Authors: Ferguson, Kelly K., McElrath, Thomas F., Ko, Yi-An, Mukherjee, Bhramar, Meeker, John D.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Oxford Elsevier Ltd 01-09-2014; Elsevier
• Subjects: Adult; Biological and medical sciences; Birth; Boston - epidemiology; Diethylhexyl Phthalate - urine; Diseases of mother, fetus and pregnancy; Environment. Living conditions; Environmental pollutants toxicology; Exposure; Female; Gestation; Gynecology. Andrology. Obstetrics; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Intervals; Longitudinal; Male; Maternal Exposure; Medical sciences; Metabolites; Phthalate; Phthalates; Phthalic Acids - metabolism; Phthalic Acids - toxicity; Phthalic Acids - urine; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Trimester, Third - urine; Pregnancy. Fetus. Placenta; Pregnant Women; Premature Birth - chemically induced; Premature Birth - epidemiology; Premature Birth - urine; Prospective Studies; Public health. Hygiene; Public health. Hygiene-occupational medicine; Repeated measures; Reproduction; Risk; Toxicology; Young Adult; United States; North America; America; Boston; USA, Massachusetts, Boston; Pregnancy; Reproduction; Phthalate; Repeated measures; Longitudinal; Human; Urine; Pregnancy disorders; Metabolite; Variability; Premature delivery; Risk; Exposure; Epidemiology; Phthalates; Cohort study; Female; Critical period; Woman
• ISSN: 0160-4120; 1873-6750
• DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2014.05.016

Preterm birth is a significant public health problem, affecting over 1 in 10 live births and contributing largely to infant mortality and morbidity. Everyday exposure to environmental chemicals such as phthalates could contribute to prematurity, and may be modifiable. In the present study we examine variability in phthalate exposure across gestation and identify windows of susceptibility for the relationship with preterm birth.
Women were recruited early in pregnancy as part of a prospective, longitudinal birth cohort at the Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston, Massachusetts. Urine samples were collected at up to 4 time points during gestation for phthalate measurement, and birth outcomes were recorded at delivery. From this population we selected all 130 cases of preterm birth, defined as delivery before 37weeks of completed gestation, as well as 352 random controls.
Urinary phthalate metabolite levels were moderately variable over pregnancy, but levels measured at multiple time points were associated with increased odds of preterm birth. Adjusted odds ratios (aOR) for spontaneous preterm birth were strongest in association with phthalate metabolite concentrations measured at the beginning of the third trimester (aOR for summed di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate metabolites [∑DEHP]=1.33, 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.02, 1.73). Odds ratios for placental preterm birth, defined as delivery with presentation of preeclampsia or intrauterine growth restriction, were slightly elevated in the first trimester for DEHP metabolites (aOR for ∑DEHP=1.33, 95% CI=0.99, 1.78).
Pregnant women with exposure to phthalates both early and late in pregnancy are at an increased risk of delivering preterm, but mechanisms may differ based on etiology.
•We examine changes in maternal urinary phthalate metabolites over pregnancy.•We modeled trajectories of metabolites in mothers who delivered preterm vs. term.•We calculated odds of prematurity with phthalates measured at each time point.•Spontaneous preterm birth was associated with 3rd trimester phthalate levels.