Synergism between Bacillus thuringiensis spores and toxins against resistant and susceptible diamondback moths (Plutella xylostella)

• Published in: Applied and Environmental Microbiology Vol. 64; no. 4; pp. 1385 - 1389
• Main Authors: Liu, Y.B. (University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ.), Tabashnik, B.E, Moar, W.J, Smith, R.A
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Washington, DC American Society for Microbiology 01-04-1998
• Subjects: BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS; Bacteria; BACTERIAL SPORES; BACTERIAL TOXINS; Biological and medical sciences; Biological control; Butterflies & moths; Control; Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology; Invertebrate Microbiology; Microbiology; Phytopathology. Animal pests. Plant and forest protection; PLUTELLA XYLOSTELLA; Poisons; Protozoa. Invertebrates; Toxicity; Insecta; Biological control; Bacillus thuringiensis; Bacillaceae; Synergism; Spores; Plutella xylostella; Toxin; Bacillales; Pest management; Arthropoda; Lepidoptera; Bacteria; Parasporal body; Hyponomeutidae; Invertebrata; Microbial insecticide
• ISSN: 0099-2240; 1098-5336
• DOI: 10.1128/aem.64.4.1385-1389.1998

We studied the effects of combinations of Bacillus thuringiensis spores and toxins on the mortality of diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella) larvae in leaf residue bioassays. Spores of B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki increased the toxicity of crystals of B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki to both resistant and susceptible larvae. For B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki, resistance ratios were 1,200 for a spore-crystal mixture and 56,000 for crystals without spores. Treatment of a spore-crystal formulation of B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki with the antibiotic streptomycin to inhibit spore germination reduced toxicity to resistant larvae but not to susceptible larvae. In contrast, analogous experiments with B. thuringiensis subsp. aizawai revealed no significant effects of adding spores to crystals or of treating a spore-crystal formulation with streptomycin. Synergism occurred between Cry2A and B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki spores against susceptible larvae and between Cry1C and B. thuringiensis subsp. aizawai spores against resistant and susceptible larvae. The results show that B. thuringiensis toxins combined with spores can be toxic even though the toxins and spores have little or no independent toxicity. Results reported here and previously suggest that, for diamondback moth larvae, the extent of synergism between spores and toxins of B. thuringiensis depends on the strain of insect, the type of spore, the set of toxins, the presence of other materials such as formulation ingredients, and the concentrations of spores and toxins