Microporous Sulfur–Carbon Materials with Extended Sodium Storage Window

• Published in: Advanced science Vol. 11; no. 16; pp. e2310196 - n/a
• Main Authors: Eren, Enis Oğuzhan, Esen, Cansu, Scoppola, Ernesto, Song, Zihan, Senokos, Evgeny, Zschiesche, Hannes, Cruz, Daniel, Lauermann, Iver, Tarakina, Nadezda V., Kumru, Barış, Antonietti, Markus, Giusto, Paolo
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Germany John Wiley & Sons, Inc 01-04-2024; John Wiley and Sons Inc; Wiley
• Subjects: Adsorption; Alternative energy; anode; Carbon; Energy storage; Fourier transforms; Graphite; in‐operando SAXS; Lithium; Scanning electron microscopy; Sodium; sodium‐ion battery; Spectrum analysis; sulfur; Sulfur content; Temperature; anode; sulfur; in-operando SAXS; carbon; sodium-ion battery
• ISSN: 2198-3844; 2198-3844
• DOI: 10.1002/advs.202310196

Developing high‐performance carbonaceous anode materials for sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs) is still a grand quest for a more sustainable future of energy storage. Introducing sulfur within a carbon framework is one of the most promising attempts toward the development of highly efficient anode materials. Herein, a microporous sulfur‐rich carbon anode obtained from a liquid sulfur‐containing oligomer is introduced. The sodium storage mechanism shifts from surface‐controlled to diffusion‐controlled at higher synthesis temperatures. The different storage mechanisms and electrode performances are found to be independent of the bare electrode material's interplanar spacing. Therefore, these differences are attributed to an increased microporosity and a thiophene‐rich chemical environment. The combination of these properties enables extending the plateau region to higher potential and achieving reversible overpotential sodium storage. Moreover, in‐operando small‐angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS) reveals reversible electron density variations within the pore structure, in good agreement with the pore‐filling sodium storage mechanism occurring in hard carbons (HCs). Eventually, the depicted framework will enable the design of high‐performance anode materials for sodium‐ion batteries with competitive energy density.
The introduction of sulfur in a hard carbon structure provides preferential adsorption sites for sodium in sodium‐ion batteries. This significantly enhances the electrochemical energy storage performances and even enables reversible overpotential sodium deposition. Herewith, the investigation of the electrochemical storage of sulfur‐rich hard carbon by means of in‐operando SAXS reveals the preferential storage of sodium within (ultra‐)micropores.