Urinary concentrations of phthalate/DINCH metabolites and body mass index among European children and adolescents in the HBM4EU Aligned Studies: A cross-sectional multi-country study

• Published in: Environment international Vol. 190; p. 108931
• Main Authors: Desalegn, Anteneh, Schillemans, Tessa, Papadopoulou, Eleni, Sakhi, Amrit K., Haug, Line S., Henriette Caspersen, Ida, Rodriguez-Carrillo, Andrea, Remy, Sylvie, Schoeters, Greet, Covaci, Adrian, Laeremans, Michelle, Fernández, Mariana F, Pedraza-Diaz, Susana, Kold Jensen, Tina, Frederiksen, Hanne, Åkesson, Agneta, Cox, Bianca, Cynthia D’Cruz, Shereen, Rambaud, Loïc, Riou, Margaux, Kolossa-Gehring, Marike, Gerofke, Antje, Murawski, Aline, Vogel, Nina, Gabriel, Catherine, Karakitsios, Spyros, Papaioannou, Nafsika, Sarigiannis, Dimosthenis, Barbone, Fabio, Rosolen, Valentina, Lignell, Sanna, Karin Lindroos, Anna, Snoj Tratnik, Janja, Stajnko, Anja, Kosjek, Tina, Tkalec, Žiga, Fabelova, Lucia, Palkovicova Murinova, Lubica, Kolena, Branislav, Wimmerova, Sona, Szigeti, Tamás, Középesy, Szilvia, van den Brand, Annick, Zock, Jan-Paul, Janasik, Beata, Wasowicz, Wojciech, De Decker, Annelies, De Henauw, Stefaan, Govarts, Eva, Iszatt, Nina
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Netherlands Elsevier Ltd 01-08-2024; Elsevier
• Subjects: Adolescent; Biological Monitoring; Body Mass Index; Child; Cross-Sectional Studies; Environmental Exposure - analysis; Environmental Pollutants - metabolism; Environmental Pollutants - urine; Europe; Female; Health Sciences; Humans; Hälsovetenskaper; Life Sciences; Male; Medicin och hälsovetenskap; Phthalic Acids - urine; Europe
• ISSN: 0160-4120; 1873-6750; 1873-6750
• DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.108931

Phthalates are ubiquitous in the environment. Despite short half-lives, chronic exposure can lead to endocrine disruption. The safety of phthalate substitute DINCH is unclear.
To evaluate associations between urinary concentrations of phthalate/DINCH metabolites and body mass index (BMI) z-score among children and adolescents.
We used Human Biomonitoring for Europe Aligned Studies data from 2876 children (12 studies, 6–12 years, 2014–2021) and 2499 adolescents (10 studies, 12–18 years, 2014–2021) with up to 14 phthalate/DINCH urinary metabolites. We used multilevel linear regression to assess associations between phthalate/DINCH concentrations and BMI z-scores, testing effect modification by sex. In a subset, Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) and quantile-based g-computation assessed important predictors and mixture effects.
In children, we found few associations in single pollutant models and no interactions by sex (p-interaction > 0.1). BKMR detected no relevant exposures (posterior inclusion probabilities, PIPs < 0.25), nor joint mixture effect. In adolescent single pollutant analysis, mono-ethyl phthalate (MEP) concentrations were associated with higher BMI z-score in males (β = 0.08, 95 % CI: 0.001,0.15, per interquartile range increase in ln-transformed concentrations, p-interaction = 0.06). Conversely, mono-isobutyl phthalate (MiBP) was associated with a lower BMI z-score in both sexes (β = -0.13, 95 % CI: −0.19, −0.07, p-interaction = 0.74), as was sum of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (∑DEHP) metabolites in females only (β = -0.08, 95 % CI: −0.14, −0.02, p-interaction = 0.01). In BKMR, higher BMI z-scores were predicted by MEP (PIP=0.90) and MBzP (PIP=0.84) in males. Lower BMI z-scores were predicted by MiBP (PIP=0.999), OH-MIDP (PIP=0.88) and OH-MINCH (PIP=0.72) in both sexes, less robustly by DEHP (PIP=0.61) in females. In quantile g-computation, the overall mixture effect was null for males, and trended negative for females (β = -0.11, 95 % CI: −0.25, 0.03, per joint exposure quantile).
In this large Europe-wide study, we found age/sex-specific differences between phthalate metabolites and BMI z-score, stronger in adolescents. Longitudinal studies with repeated phthalate measurements are needed.