Chitosan-Based Scaffolds for the Treatment of Myocardial Infarction: A Systematic Review

• Published in: Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Vol. 28; no. 4; p. 1920
• Main Authors: Beleño Acosta, Bryan, Advincula, Rigoberto C, Grande-Tovar, Carlos David
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Switzerland MDPI AG 01-02-2023; MDPI
• Subjects: Adaptability; Angiogenesis; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biocompatibility; Biodegradability; Biodegradation; Biopolymers; cardiac tissue engineering; Cardiomyocytes; Cardiomyopathy; Cardiovascular disease; Cardiovascular diseases; Cell differentiation; Chemistry; Chitosan; Chitosan - chemistry; chitosan scaffolds; Congestive heart failure; Coronary vessels; Data collection; Differentiation (biology); Drug therapy; Electrical conductivity; Electrical resistivity; FDA approval; Gene expression; Growth factors; Heart attack; Heart attacks; Heart failure; Humans; Literature reviews; Mechanical properties; Mimicry; Myocardial infarction; Myocardial Infarction - metabolism; Myocytes, Cardiac - metabolism; natural polysaccharide; Necrosis; Nutrients; Physiological aspects; Polyvinyl alcohol; Porosity; Proteins; Review; Scaffolds; Side effects; Stem cells; Tissue Engineering; Tissue Scaffolds - chemistry; Tissues; Vascular endothelial growth factor; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; cardiac tissue engineering; chitosan scaffolds; heart attack; biopolymers; natural polysaccharide
• ISSN: 1420-3049; 1420-3049
• DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041920

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD), such as myocardial infarction (MI), constitute one of the world's leading causes of annual deaths. This cardiomyopathy generates a tissue scar with poor anatomical properties and cell necrosis that can lead to heart failure. Necrotic tissue repair is required through pharmaceutical or surgical treatments to avoid such loss, which has associated adverse collateral effects. However, to recover the infarcted myocardial tissue, biopolymer-based scaffolds are used as safer alternative treatments with fewer side effects due to their biocompatibility, chemical adaptability and biodegradability. For this reason, a systematic review of the literature from the last five years on the production and application of chitosan scaffolds for the reconstructive engineering of myocardial tissue was carried out. Seventy-five records were included for review using the "preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses" data collection strategy. It was observed that the chitosan scaffolds have a remarkable capacity for restoring the essential functions of the heart through the mimicry of its physiological environment and with a controlled porosity that allows for the exchange of nutrients, the improvement of the electrical conductivity and the stimulation of cell differentiation of the stem cells. In addition, the chitosan scaffolds can significantly improve angiogenesis in the infarcted tissue by stimulating the production of the glycoprotein receptors of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) family. Therefore, the possible mechanisms of action of the chitosan scaffolds on cardiomyocytes and stem cells were analyzed. For all the advantages observed, it is considered that the treatment of MI with the chitosan scaffolds is promising, showing multiple advantages within the regenerative therapies of CVD.