Characterisation of in-vivo mechanical action of knee braces regarding their anti-drawer effect

• Published in: The knee Vol. 22; no. 2; pp. 80 - 87
• Main Authors: Pierrat, B, Oullion, R, Molimard, J, Navarro, L, Combreas, M, Avril, S, Philippot, R, Calmels, P
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Netherlands Elsevier B.V 01-03-2015; Elsevier Limited; Elsevier
• Subjects: ACL; Adolescent; Adult; Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries; Arthrometer; Arthrometry, Articular - methods; Biomechanical Phenomena - physiology; Biomechanics; Braces; Efficiency; Engineering Sciences; Female; Humans; Injuries; Instability; Joint Instability - physiopathology; Joint Instability - therapy; Knee; Knee brace; Knee Joint - physiopathology; Knee orthosis; Male; Mechanics; Middle Aged; Orthopedics; Patients; Studies; Young Adult; Knee orthosis; Instability; ACL; Knee brace; Arthrometer
• ISSN: 0968-0160; 1873-5800
• DOI: 10.1016/j.knee.2014.12.001

Abstract Background The knee joint is vulnerable to various injuries and degenerative conditions, potentially leading to functional instability. Usual treatments involve knee orthoses to support the joint. However, the level of mechanical action of these devices remains controversial despite high prescription and demand. Methods The mechanical ability of three commercial hinged knee braces and one sleeve to prevent a static drawer was evaluated using a GNRB® arthrometer. The testing of both pathological and healthy joints was performed on 16 patients with documented injuries involving the ACL, and an original method allowed decoupling the contribution of the brace. Results The mean stiffness of the three hinged braces ranged between 2.0 and 7.1 N/mm. The most efficient brace was able to exert a restraining force on the joint equivalent to the one exerted by a healthy ACL, up to a 2.8 mm anterior displacement of the tibia. For higher anterior displacements, the restraining force of the brace dropped below the level of action of the intact ACL because of the particular non-linear behaviour of this structure. Finally, the most efficient brace was found to vary from subject to subject. Conclusions This study confirmed that fabric-based knee braces may effectively replace the passive mechanical role of the ACL within the low stiffness region of this structure. Although bracing may have other benefits (e.g. proprioception), this shows that they act as an effective passive restraint to low grade anterior laxities. Besides, a high patient-specificity of their effects highlighted the need of personalised objective testing for brace selection.