Impaired fetal growth decreases the risk of childhood atopic eczema: a Swedish twin study

• Published in: Clinical and experimental allergy Vol. 40; no. 7; pp. 1044 - 1053
• Main Authors: Lundholm, C., Örtqvist, A. K., Lichtenstein, P., Cnattingius, S., Almqvist, C.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Oxford, UK Blackwell Publishing Ltd 01-07-2010; Blackwell; Wiley Subscription Services, Inc
• Subjects: Allergic diseases; allergic rhinitis; allergy; asthma; atopic dermatitis; Biological and medical sciences; Birth Weight; Child; Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma; Cohort Studies; Dermatitis, Atopic - physiopathology; epidemiology; Female; Fetal Development; Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology; Fundamental immunology; gestational age; Humans; Immunopathology; Interviews as Topic; Male; Medical sciences; Medicin och hälsovetenskap; Non tumoral diseases; Otorhinolaryngology. Stomatology; Pneumology; Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal - physiopathology; Risk Factors; Skin allergic diseases. Stinging insect allergies; Surveys and Questionnaires; Sweden; twin study; Twins; Upper respiratory tract, upper alimentary tract, paranasal sinuses, salivary glands: diseases, semeiology; Sweden; Europe; Allergy; Skin disease; Nose disease; Rhinitis; Growth; Risk; Epidemiology; Gestational age; Atopy; Immunology; twin study; Atopic dermatitis; Eczema; ENT disease; Bronchus disease; Fetus; Developmental stage; Obstructive pulmonary disease; Child; Human; Immunopathology; Lung disease; Respiratory disease; Asthma; Twin; Risk factor; Birth weight; allergic rhinitis
• ISSN: 0954-7894; 1365-2222; 1365-2222
• DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2010.03519.x

Summary
Background
Studies have found associations between birth weight and risk of atopic eczema or allergic rhinitis (AR), although this could be due to confounding.
Objective
We sought to evaluate associations between fetal growth and the risk of atopic eczema or AR in childhood, controlling for gestational age (GA), shared (familial) environmental and genetic factors.
Methods
Data on atopic eczema, AR, birth characteristics and confounders were collected from registers and telephone interviews with the parents of 9‐ and 12‐year‐old twins. Firstly, cohort analyses on all twins (eczema n=10 132 and AR n=10 896) were performed. Secondly, to control for genetic and shared environment, co‐twin‐control analyses were performed in twin pairs discordant for atopic eczema (n=480) and AR (n=332).
Results
The rate of atopic eczema increased with birth weight, from 12.6% in twin children <2000 g to 17.3% in children 3500 g. The rate of AR varied between 7.8% and 8.8%. In the cohort analyses, the odds ratio (OR) for atopic eczema was 1.62 (95% CI: 1.27–2.06) for 500 g increase in birth weight and 1.00 (95% CI: 0.75–1.33) for AR. In co‐twin‐control analyses on atopic eczema, OR was 3.93 (95% CI: 1.55–9.98) for 500 g increase in birth weight, with no significant difference between monozygotic and dizygotic twins (P=0.84).
Conclusions
We found a positive association between fetal growth and childhood atopic eczema, but not AR, independent of GA, shared environmental and genetic factors. This indicates fetal growth affects the immune system, and supports further studies on early mechanisms.
Cite this as: C. Lundholm, A. K. Örtqvist, P. Lichtenstein, S. Cnattingius and C. Almqvist, Clinical & Experimental Allergy, 2010 (40) 1044–1053.