An Overview on SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) and Other Human Coronaviruses and Their Detection Capability via Amplification Assay, Chemical Sensing, Biosensing, Immunosensing, and Clinical Assays

• Published in: Nano-micro letters Vol. 13; no. 1; p. 18
• Main Authors: Orooji, Yasin, Sohrabi, Hessamaddin, Hemmat, Nima, Oroojalian, Fatemeh, Baradaran, Behzad, Mokhtarzadeh, Ahad, Mohaghegh, Mohamad, Karimi-Maleh, Hassan
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Singapore Springer Nature Singapore 2021; Springer Nature B.V; SpringerOpen
• Subjects: Amplification; Amplification assay; Apta assay; Assaying; Bioinformatics; Biosensors; Coronaviruses; COVID-19; Disease transmission; ELISA; Engineering; Immunosensors; Nanobiomedicine; Nanoscale Science and Technology; Nanotechnology; Nanotechnology and Microengineering; qRT-PCR; Respiratory diseases; Review; Sensing assay; Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; Viral diseases; Viruses; Sensing assay; Apta assay; qRT-PCR; ELISA; Amplification assay
• ISSN: 2311-6706; 2150-5551
• DOI: 10.1007/s40820-020-00533-y

Highlights
Various amplification assays and sensing can be applied for the detection of SARS-CoV-2.
The outputs of biosensors should be presented quantitatively to obtain more accurate and more accessible results.
Developing smaller size platforms is one approach toward applying such phone apps, as well as utilizing LFA, biosensors, and nanobiosensors detection techniques.
A novel coronavirus of zoonotic origin (SARS-CoV-2) has recently been recognized in patients with acute respiratory disease. COVID-19 causative agent is structurally and genetically similar to SARS and bat SARS-like coronaviruses. The drastic increase in the number of coronavirus and its genome sequence have given us an unprecedented opportunity to perform bioinformatics and genomics analysis on this class of viruses. Clinical tests like PCR and ELISA for rapid detection of this virus are urgently needed for early identification of infected patients. However, these techniques are expensive and not readily available for point-of-care (POC) applications. Currently, lack of any rapid, available, and reliable POC detection method gives rise to the progression of COVID-19 as a horrible global problem. To solve the negative features of clinical investigation, we provide a brief introduction of the general features of coronaviruses and describe various amplification assays, sensing, biosensing, immunosensing, and aptasensing for the determination of various groups of coronaviruses applied as a template for the detection of SARS-CoV-2. All sensing and biosensing techniques developed for the determination of various classes of coronaviruses are useful to recognize the newly immerged coronavirus, i.e., SARS-CoV-2. Also, the introduction of sensing and biosensing methods sheds light on the way of designing a proper screening system to detect the virus at the early stage of infection to tranquilize the speed and vastity of spreading. Among other approaches investigated among molecular approaches and PCR or recognition of viral diseases, LAMP-based methods and LFAs are of great importance for their numerous benefits, which can be helpful to design a universal platform for detection of future emerging pathogenic viruses.