Phosphorylation by p38 MAP kinase is required for E2F1 degradation and keratinocyte differentiation

• Published in: Oncogene Vol. 28; no. 1; pp. 52 - 62
• Main Authors: Ivanova, I A, Nakrieko, K-A, Dagnino, L
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: London Nature Publishing Group UK 08-01-2009; Nature Publishing Group
• Subjects: Animals; Apoptosis; Biological and medical sciences; Cell Biology; Cell Differentiation; Cell Line; Cell physiology; Cell transformation and carcinogenesis. Action of oncogenes and antioncogenes; Cellular biology; DNA binding proteins; DNA Mutational Analysis; E2F1 Transcription Factor - genetics; E2F1 Transcription Factor - metabolism; Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology; Genetic aspects; Human Genetics; Internal Medicine; Keratinocytes - cytology; Keratinocytes - metabolism; Kinases; Medicine; Medicine & Public Health; Mice; Molecular and cellular biology; Oncology; original-article; p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases - metabolism; Phosphorylation; Physiological aspects; Protein kinases; Sequence Deletion; Serine - genetics; Serine - metabolism; Signal transduction; Skin; Threonine - genetics; Threonine - metabolism; Canada; E2F; differentiation; keratinocyte; p38 mitogen-activated kinase; Phosphorylation; Enzyme; Kinase; Transferases; Mitogen-activated protein kinase; Keratinocyte; Mitogen; Differentiation; Carcinogenesis
• ISSN: 0950-9232; 1476-5594
• DOI: 10.1038/onc.2008.354

The transcription factor E2F1 plays key roles in skin homeostasis, and is essential for normal keratinocyte proliferation and epidermal regeneration after injury. We have previously established that, in differentiating keratinocytes, E2F1 activity is controlled by nuclear export and subsequent degradation. These events are triggered by differentiation-induced stimulation of protein kinase C and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). However, the mechanisms that induce E2F1 export from the nucleus and the role of p38 MAPK in this process are poorly understood. We now describe a novel regulatory pathway for E2F1, which involves phosphorylation by p38. We demonstrate that E2F1 forms complexes with active p38 through regions that exclude the N-terminus of this transcription factor, and that p38 activity is a major contributor to the phosphorylation status of E2F1 in keratinocytes. Using
in vitro
kinase assays, we identified Ser403 and Thr433 as the residues phosphorylated by p38. The biological significance of these observations is underscored by the inability of E2F1 mutants lacking one or both of these residues to be exported from the nucleus and degraded when keratinocytes receive differentiation stimuli, which results in impaired keratinocyte maturation.