Exposure to second-hand smoke and risk of lung cancer among Iranian population: A multicenter case-control study

• Published in: PloS one Vol. 19; no. 7; p. e0306517
• Main Authors: Lotfi, Fereshte, Rashidian, Hamideh, Hadji, Maryam, Mohebbi, Elham, Marzban, Maryam, Naghibzadeh-Tahami, Ahmad, Pukkala, Eero, Boffetta, Paolo, Etemadi, Arash, Zendehdel, Kazem
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States Public Library of Science 10-07-2024; Public Library of Science (PLoS)
• Subjects: Adult; Aged; Biology and Life Sciences; Cancer; Carcinogens; Cardiovascular disease; Case studies; Case-Control Studies; Cigarettes; Confidence intervals; Epidemiology; Exposure; Female; Head & neck cancer; Health aspects; Health risks; Humans; Iran - epidemiology; Lung cancer; Lung diseases; Lung Neoplasms - epidemiology; Lung Neoplasms - etiology; Male; Medical research; Medicine and Health Sciences; Medicine, Experimental; Middle Aged; Odds Ratio; Oncology, Experimental; Opium; Opium trade; Passive smoking; People and Places; Pipes; Population studies; Research and Analysis Methods; Risk Factors; Risk management; Scandals; Smoke; Smokers; Smoking; Social aspects; Social Sciences; Socioeconomic factors; Socioeconomic status; Tobacco; Tobacco smoke; Tobacco Smoke Pollution - adverse effects; Water pipes; Womens health; Iran
• ISSN: 1932-6203; 1932-6203
• DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0306517

Despite the implementation of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) program in Iran, the regulation of second-hand smoke (SHS) exposure-an often-overlooked hazard-, still requires improvement. We employed a multi-center case-control study to investigate the association between exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS) from various tobacco products (cigarettes, water-pipes, pipes, and chopogh), opium use, and the risk of lung cancer.
We included 627 lung cancer cases and 3477 controls. Exposure to SHS tobacco and SHS opium was collected through a questionnaire. We used mixed-model logistic regressions to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI).
Among the overall population exposed to second-hand tobacco smoke (SHTS), the odds ratio (OR) compared to those never exposed was 1.35 (95% CI: 1.08-1.71). Never smokers who were ever exposed to second-hand tobacco smoke (SHTS) had 1.69-fold risk of lung cancer compared to those who were never exposed (95% CI: 1.13-2.52). Exposure to SHTS between 2-3 per day (OR = 2.27, 95% CI: 1.13-4.53) and more than three hours per day (OR = 2.29, 95% CI: 1.20-4.37) can increase the risk of lung cancer compared with the no exposure group (P-trend <0.01). We did not observe any association between exposure to second-hand opium smoke (SHOS) and the risk of lung cancer, either in the overall population or among never-smokers.
Our study estimates the impact of second-hand tobacco smoke (SHTS) on lung cancer risk in both the overall population and never-smokers. Additional studies are required to evaluate the association between exposure to second-hand smoke from opium and other type of tobacco, including water-pipe and the risk of lung cancer.