Bioengineered Mesenchymal-Stromal-Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles as an Improved Drug Delivery System: Methods and Applications

• Published in: Biomedicines Vol. 11; no. 4; p. 1231
• Main Authors: Ulpiano, Cristiana, da Silva, Cláudia L, Monteiro, Gabriel A
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Switzerland MDPI AG 01-04-2023; MDPI
• Subjects: Acids; Angiogenesis; Animal models; bioengineering strategies; Biological activity; Biosynthesis; Cell interactions; Drug delivery; Drug delivery systems; Drugs; Extracellular vesicles; Heparan sulfate; Lipids; Mesenchymal stem cells; mesenchymal stromal cells; Paracrine signalling; Physiology; Plasma; Proteins; Review; Stromal cells; Technology application; Vehicles; United States; bioengineering strategies; extracellular vesicles; drug delivery; mesenchymal stromal cells
• ISSN: 2227-9059; 2227-9059
• DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11041231

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are cell-derived nano-sized lipid membranous structures that modulate cell-cell communication by transporting a variety of biologically active cellular components. The potential of EVs in delivering functional cargos to targeted cells, their capacity to cross biological barriers, as well as their high modification flexibility, make them promising drug delivery vehicles for cell-free therapies. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are known for their great paracrine trophic activity, which is largely sustained by the secretion of EVs. MSC-derived EVs (MSC-EVs) retain important features of the parental cells and can be bioengineered to improve their therapeutic payload and target specificity, demonstrating increased therapeutic potential in numerous pre-clinical animal models, including in the treatment of cancer and several degenerative diseases. Here, we review the fundamentals of EV biology and the bioengineering strategies currently available to maximize the therapeutic value of EVs, focusing on their cargo and surface manipulation. Then, a comprehensive overview of the methods and applications of bioengineered MSC-EVs is presented, while discussing the technical hurdles yet to be addressed before their clinical translation as therapeutic agents.