Effects of psilocybin on hippocampal neurogenesis and extinction of trace fear conditioning

• Published in: Experimental brain research Vol. 228; no. 4; pp. 481 - 491
• Main Authors: Catlow, Briony J., Song, Shijie, Paredes, Daniel A., Kirstein, Cheryl L., Sanchez-Ramos, Juan
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Berlin/Heidelberg Springer Berlin Heidelberg 01-08-2013; Springer; Springer Nature B.V
• Subjects: Analysis; Animals; Biological and medical sciences; Biomedical and Life Sciences; Biomedicine; Cell growth; Conditioning (Psychology) - drug effects; Conditioning (Psychology) - physiology; Dosage and administration; Drug dosages; Extinction, Psychological - drug effects; Extinction, Psychological - physiology; Fear - drug effects; Fear - physiology; Fear - psychology; Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology; Hallucinogenic drugs; Hallucinogens - pharmacology; Health aspects; Hippocampus - cytology; Hippocampus - drug effects; Hippocampus - physiology; LSD; Lysergic acid diethylamide; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mushrooms, Hallucinogenic; Neurogenesis; Neurogenesis - drug effects; Neurogenesis - physiology; Neurology; Neurosciences; Psilocybin - pharmacology; Research Article; Serotonin; Vertebrates: nervous system and sense organs; United States; United States > US; Learning; Serotonin; Memory; Trace conditioning; Psilocybin; Neurogenesis; Hippocampus; Central nervous system; Encephalon; Fear; Acquisition process; Neurotransmitter; Conditioning
• ISSN: 0014-4819; 1432-1106
• DOI: 10.1007/s00221-013-3579-0

Drugs that modulate serotonin (5-HT) synaptic concentrations impact neurogenesis and hippocampal (HPC)-dependent learning. The primary objective is to determine the extent to which psilocybin (PSOP) modulates neurogenesis and thereby affects acquisition and extinction of HPC-dependent trace fear conditioning. PSOP, the 5-HT
2A
agonist 25I-NBMeO and the 5-HT
2A/C
antagonist ketanserin were administered via an acute
intraperitoneal
injection to mice. Trace fear conditioning was measured as the amount of time spent immobile in the presence of the conditioned stimulus (CS, auditory tone), trace (silent interval) and post-trace interval over 10 trials. Extinction was determined by the number of trials required to resume mobility during CS, trace and post-trace when the shock was not delivered. Neurogenesis was determined by unbiased counts of cells in the dentate gyrus of the HPC birth-dated with BrdU co-expressing a neuronal marker. Mice treated with a range of doses of PSOP acquired a robust conditioned fear response. Mice injected with low doses of PSOP extinguished cued fear conditioning significantly more rapidly than high-dose PSOP or saline-treated mice. Injection of PSOP, 25I-NBMeO or ketanserin resulted in significant dose-dependent decreases in number of newborn neurons in hippocampus. At the low doses of PSOP that enhanced extinction, neurogenesis was not decreased, but rather tended toward an increase. Extinction of “fear conditioning” may be mediated by actions of the drugs at sites other than hippocampus such as the amygdala, which is known to mediate the perception of fear. Another caveat is that PSOP is not purely selective for 5-HT
2A
receptors. PSOP facilitates extinction of the classically conditioned fear response, and this, and similar agents, should be explored as potential treatments for post-traumatic stress disorder and related conditions.