A collection of sub-daily pressure and temperature observations for the early instrumental period with a focus on the "year without a summer" 1816

• Published in: Climate of the past Vol. 11; no. 8; pp. 1027 - 1047
• Main Authors: Brugnara, Y, Auchmann, R, Brönnimann, S, Allan, R. J, Auer, I, Barriendos, M, Bergström, H, Bhend, J, Brázdil, R, Compo, G. P, Cornes, R. C, Dominguez-Castro, F, van Engelen, A. F. V, Filipiak, J, Holopainen, J, Jourdain, S, Kunz, M, Luterbacher, J, Maugeri, M, Mercalli, L, Moberg, A, Mock, C. J, Pichard, G, Řezníčková, L, van der Schrier, G, Slonosky, V, Ustrnul, Z, Valente, M. A, Wypych, A, Yin, X
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Katlenburg-Lindau Copernicus GmbH 06-08-2015; European Geophysical Union - Copernicus; Copernicus Publications
• Subjects: 18th century; 19th century; Archives & records; Barometers; Climate; Climate change; Collection; Datasets; Diaries; ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES; Error correction; geology; Global cooling; Gravity; Homogenization; Library collections; Mean sea level; Mercury; Metadata; Meteorological observations; Meteorology; meteorology & atmospheric sciences; naturgeografi; Observatories; Physical Geography; Pressure; Reliability analysis; Sea level; Ships; Summer; Surface pressure; Temperature; Tropical environments; Variance analysis; Volcanic eruptions; Weather; United Kingdom > UK; United States > US; Europe; Switzerland; North America; Spain; Canada; Czech Republic; Sweden; Poland; Italy; Montreal Quebec Canada; France; Germany
• ISSN: 1814-9332; 1814-9324; 1814-9332
• DOI: 10.5194/cp-11-1027-2015

The eruption of Mount Tambora (Indonesia) in April 1815 is the largest documented volcanic eruption in history. It is associated with a large global cooling during the following year, felt particularly in parts of Europe and North America, where the year 1816 became known as the "year without a summer". This paper describes an effort made to collect surface meteorological observations from the early instrumental period, with a focus on the years of and immediately following the eruption (1815-1817). Although the collection aimed in particular at pressure observations, correspondent temperature observations were also recovered. Some of the series had already been described in the literature, but a large part of the data, recently digitised from original weather diaries and contemporary magazines and newspapers, is presented here for the first time. The collection puts together more than 50 sub-daily series from land observatories in Europe and North America and from ships in the tropics. The pressure observations have been corrected for temperature and gravity and reduced to mean sea level. Moreover, an additional statistical correction was applied to take into account common error sources in mercury barometers. To assess the reliability of the corrected data set, the variance in the pressure observations is compared with modern climatologies, and single observations are used for synoptic analyses of three case studies in Europe. All raw observations will be made available to the scientific community in the International Surface Pressure Databank.