Covalent Modification of the Androgen Receptor by Small Ubiquitin-Like Modifier 1 (SUMO-1)

• Published in: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences - PNAS Vol. 97; no. 26; pp. 14145 - 14150
• Main Authors: Poukka, H, Karvonen, U, Janne, O A, Palvimo, J J
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 19-12-2000; National Acad Sciences; National Academy of Sciences; The National Academy of Sciences
• Subjects: Amino acids; Androgens; Animals; Antibodies; Binding Sites; Biochemistry; Biological Sciences; Catalysis; Cercopithecus aethiops; COS Cells; Enzymes; HeLa Cells; Humans; Immunoblotting; Ligases - metabolism; Proteins; Receptors; Receptors, Androgen - genetics; Receptors, Androgen - metabolism; Recombinant Fusion Proteins - genetics; Recombinant Fusion Proteins - metabolism; SUMO-1 Protein; Transactivation; Transcription, Genetic; Transfection; Ubiquitin-Conjugating Enzymes; Ubiquitins - genetics; Ubiquitins - metabolism
• ISSN: 0027-8424; 1091-6490
• DOI: 10.1073/pnas.97.26.14145

Modification by SUMO-1 is proposed to play a role in protein targeting and/or stability. The SUMO-1-conjugating enzyme Ubc9 interacts with androgen receptor (AR), a ligand-activated transcription factor belonging to the steroid receptor superfamily. We show here that AR is covalently modified by SUMO-1 (sumoylated) in an androgen-enhanced fashion and identify the principal acceptor site in the N-terminal domain of AR. Substitutions of sumoylated Lys residues enhanced transcriptional activity of AR without influencing its transrepressing activity. Interestingly, the same Lys residues form the cores of the recently described transcriptional synergy control motifs in AR [Iniguez-Lluhi, J. A. & Pearce, D. (2000) Mol. Cell. Biol. 20, 6040-6050]. These motifs, which match perfectly with the sumoylation consensus sequence, are also present in the N-terminal domains of glucocorticoid, mineralocorticoid, and progesterone receptor. Taken together, our data suggest that reversible sumoylation is a mechanism for regulation of steroid receptor function.