Nuclear condensates of the Polycomb protein chromobox 2 (CBX2) assemble through phase separation

• Published in: The Journal of biological chemistry Vol. 294; no. 5; pp. 1451 - 1463
• Main Authors: Tatavosian, Roubina, Kent, Samantha, Brown, Kyle, Yao, Tingting, Duc, Huy Nguyen, Huynh, Thao Ngoc, Zhen, Chao Yu, Ma, Brian, Wang, Haobin, Ren, Xiaojun
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States Elsevier Inc 01-02-2019; American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
• Subjects: Animals; CBX2; Cell Cycle Proteins - genetics; Cell Cycle Proteins - metabolism; Cell Nucleus - genetics; Cell Nucleus - metabolism; Cells, Cultured; chromatin; Chromatin Assembly and Disassembly; chromatin modification; chromatin regulation; chromatin structure; DNA - genetics; DNA - metabolism; Embryonic Stem Cells - cytology; Embryonic Stem Cells - metabolism; epigenetics; Gene Regulation; heterochromatin; Heterochromatin - metabolism; histone; histone methylation; Histones - genetics; Histones - metabolism; liquid-liquid phase separation; Mice; Mice, Knockout; Nucleosomes - genetics; Nucleosomes - metabolism; PcG; phase separation; Polycomb; Polycomb Repressive Complex 1 - genetics; Polycomb Repressive Complex 1 - metabolism; PRC1; Protein Binding; chromatin modification; CBX2; chromatin; epigenetics; heterochromatin; histone methylation; phase separation; liquid-liquid phase separation; gene regulation; PcG; PRC1; chromatin regulation; Polycomb; histone; chromatin structure
• ISSN: 0021-9258; 1083-351X
• DOI: 10.1074/jbc.RA118.006620

Polycomb group (PcG) proteins repress master regulators of development and differentiation through organization of chromatin structure. Mutation and dysregulation of PcG genes cause developmental defects and cancer. PcG proteins form condensates in the cell nucleus, and these condensates are the physical sites of PcG-targeted gene silencing via formation of facultative heterochromatin. However, the physiochemical principles underlying the formation of PcG condensates remain unknown, and their determination could shed light on how these condensates compact chromatin. Using fluorescence live-cell imaging, we observed that the Polycomb repressive complex 1 (PRC1) protein chromobox 2 (CBX2), a member of the CBX protein family, undergoes phase separation to form condensates and that the CBX2 condensates exhibit liquid-like properties. Using site-directed mutagenesis, we demonstrated that the conserved residues of CBX2 within the intrinsically disordered region (IDR), which is the region for compaction of chromatin in vitro, promote the condensate formation both in vitro and in vivo. We showed that the CBX2 condensates concentrate DNA and nucleosomes. Using genetic engineering, we report that trimethylation of Lys-27 at histone H3 (H3K27me3), a marker of heterochromatin formation produced by PRC2, had minimal effects on the CBX2 condensate formation. We further demonstrated that the CBX2 condensate formation does not require CBX2–PRC1 subunits; however, the condensate formation of CBX2–PRC1 subunits depends on CBX2, suggesting a mechanism underlying the assembly of CBX2–PRC1 condensates. In summary, our results reveal that PcG condensates assemble through liquid–liquid phase separation (LLPS) and suggest that phase-separated condensates can organize PcG-bound chromatin.