NAP1 Strain Type Predicts Outcomes From Clostridium difficile Infection

• Published in: Clinical infectious diseases Vol. 58; no. 10; pp. 1394 - 1400
• Main Authors: See, Isaac, Mu, Yi, Cohen, Jessica, Beldavs, Zintars G., Winston, Lisa G., Dumyati, Ghinwa, Holzbauer, Stacy, Dunn, John, Farley, Monica M., Lyons, Carol, Johnston, Helen, Phipps, Erin, Perlmutter, Rebecca, Anderson, Lydia, Gerding, Dale N., Lessa, Fernanda C.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Oxford OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS 15-05-2014; Oxford University Press
• Subjects: Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents - pharmacology; Antibiotics; ARTICLES AND COMMENTARIES; Bacteria; Bacterial diseases; Bacterial diseases of the digestive system and abdomen; Bacterial Typing Techniques; Biological and medical sciences; Clostridioides difficile - classification; Clostridioides difficile - drug effects; Clostridioides difficile - pathogenicity; Clostridium difficile; Clostridium Infections - epidemiology; Clostridium Infections - microbiology; Clostridium Infections - mortality; Disease models; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field; Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous - microbiology; Epidemiology; Female; Fluoroquinolones - pharmacology; Gastroenterology. Liver. Pancreas. Abdomen; Health care industry; Health outcomes; Health surveillance; Hospitalization; Human bacterial diseases; Humans; Infections; Infectious diseases; Intestinal diseases; Medical sciences; Megacolon, Toxic - microbiology; Middle Aged; Morbidity; Other diseases. Semiology; Population Surveillance; Prevalence; Regression analysis; Risk Factors; Stomach. Duodenum. Small intestine. Colon. Rectum. Anus; Toxins; Treatment Outcome; epidemiology; clinical outcomes; strain typing; Infection; Prognosis; Clostridiaceae; Clostridium difficile; Clostridiales; Diarrhea; Bacteria; Digestive diseases; Intestinal disease; Predictive factor
• ISSN: 1058-4838; 1537-6591
• DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciu125

Background. Studies are conflicting regarding the importance of the fluoroquinolone-resistant North American pulsed-field gel electrophoresis type 1 (NAP1) strain in Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) outcome. We describe strain types causing CDI and evaluate their association with patient outcomes. Methods. CDI cases were identified from population-based surveillance. Multivariate regression models were used to evaluate the associations of strain type with severe disease (ileus, toxic megacolon, or pseudomembranous colitis within 5 days; or white blood cell count ≥15 000 cells/μL within 1 day of positive test), severe outcome (intensive care unit admission after positive test, colectomy for C. difficile infection, or death within 30 days of positive test), and death within 14 days of positive test. Results. Strain typing results were available for 2057 cases. Severe disease occurred in 363 (17.7%) cases, severe outcome in 100 (4.9%), and death within 14 days in 56 (2.7%). The most common strain types were NAP1 (28.4%), NAP4 (10.2%), and NAP11 (9.1%). In unadjusted analysis, NAP1 was associated with greater odds of severe disease than other strains. After controlling for patient risk factors, healthcare exposure, and antibiotic use, NAP1 was associated with severe disease (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 1.74; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.36–2.22), severe outcome (AOR, 1.66; 95% CI, 1.09–2.54), and death within 14 days (AOR, 2.12; 95% CI, 1.22–3.68). Conclusions. NAP1 was the most prevalent strain and a predictor of severe disease, severe outcome, and death. Strategies to reduce NAP1 prevalence, such as antibiotic stewardship to reduce fluoroquinolone use, might reduce CDI morbidity.