Phylogenetic distribution of three pathways for propionate production within the human gut microbiota

• Published in: The ISME Journal Vol. 8; no. 6; pp. 1323 - 1335
• Main Authors: Reichardt, Nicole, Duncan, Sylvia H, Young, Pauline, Belenguer, Alvaro, McWilliam Leitch, Carol, Scott, Karen P, Flint, Harry J, Louis, Petra
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: London Nature Publishing Group UK 01-06-2014; Nature Publishing Group
• Subjects: 631/208/212/2306; 631/326/2565/2142; 631/326/41/1969; 692/698/2741/2135; Acrylates - metabolism; Bacteria - classification; Bacteria - isolation & purification; Bacteria - metabolism; Biomedical and Life Sciences; Dehydrogenase; Ecology; Evolutionary Biology; Fatty acids; Fermentation; Gastrointestinal Tract - microbiology; Gram-Positive Bacteria - classification; Gram-Positive Bacteria - isolation & purification; Gram-Positive Bacteria - metabolism; Humans; Life Sciences; Microbial Ecology; Microbial Genetics and Genomics; Microbiology; Microbiota; Original; original-article; Phylogeny; Propionates - metabolism; Propylene Glycols - metabolism; Ruminococcus obeum; Stable isotopes; Succinates - metabolism; Sugar; acrylate pathway; propanediol pathway; succinate pathway; gut microbiota; propionate
• ISSN: 1751-7362; 1751-7370
• DOI: 10.1038/ismej.2014.14

Propionate is produced in the human large intestine by microbial fermentation and may help maintain human health. We have examined the distribution of three different pathways used by bacteria for propionate formation using genomic and metagenomic analysis of the human gut microbiota and by designing degenerate primer sets for the detection of diagnostic genes for these pathways. Degenerate primers for the acrylate pathway (detecting the
lcdA
gene, encoding lactoyl-CoA dehydratase) together with metagenomic mining revealed that this pathway is restricted to only a few human colonic species within the Lachnospiraceae and Negativicutes. The operation of this pathway for lactate utilisation in
Coprococcus catus
(Lachnospiraceae) was confirmed using stable isotope labelling. The propanediol pathway that processes deoxy sugars such as fucose and rhamnose was more abundant within the Lachnospiraceae (based on the
pduP
gene, which encodes propionaldehyde dehydrogenase), occurring in relatives of
Ruminococcus obeum
and in
Roseburia inulinivorans
. The dominant source of propionate from hexose sugars, however, was concluded to be the succinate pathway, as indicated by the widespread distribution of the
mmdA
gene that encodes methylmalonyl-CoA decarboxylase in the Bacteroidetes and in many Negativicutes. In general, the capacity to produce propionate or butyrate from hexose sugars resided in different species, although two species of Lachnospiraceae (
C. catus
and
R. inulinivorans
) are now known to be able to switch from butyrate to propionate production on different substrates. A better understanding of the microbial ecology of short-chain fatty acid formation may allow modulation of propionate formation by the human gut microbiota.