tomato FT ortholog triggers systemic signals that regulate growth and flowering and substitute for diverse environmental stimuli

The systemic model for floral induction, dubbed florigen, was conceived in photoperiod-sensitive plants but implies, in its ultimate form, a graft-transmissible signal that, although activated by different stimuli in different flowering systems, is common to all plants. We show that SFT (SINGLE-FLOW...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:	Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences - PNAS Vol. 103; no. 16; pp. 6398 - 6403
Main Authors:	Lifschitz, E, Eviatar, T, Rozman, A, Shalit, A, Goldshmidt, A, Amsellem, Z, Alvarez, J.P, Eshed, Y
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	United States National Academy of Sciences 18-04-2006
Subjects:	apical meristems Arabidopsis Biological Sciences cell differentiation Cell Nucleus - chemistry early flowering Environment florigen Flowering flowering date Flowers Flowers - anatomy & histology Flowers - genetics Flowers - growth & development Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental Gene Expression Regulation, Plant Genes, Plant - genetics Genes, Plant - physiology Graftage grafting (plants) Inflorescences late flowering Leaves Lycopersicon esculentum Lycopersicon esculentum - anatomy & histology Lycopersicon esculentum - genetics Lycopersicon esculentum - growth & development Meristem - physiology mutants Mutation phenology phenotype Plant growth Plant Leaves - chemistry Plant Leaves - genetics Plant Leaves - metabolism Plant propagation Plant Proteins - analysis Plant Proteins - genetics Plants Receptors regulator genes regulatory proteins RNA SFT gene shoot apical meristems shoot meristems Signals Solanum lycopersicum var. lycopersicum Stems Tobacco Tomatoes Transcription, Genetic
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Summary:	The systemic model for floral induction, dubbed florigen, was conceived in photoperiod-sensitive plants but implies, in its ultimate form, a graft-transmissible signal that, although activated by different stimuli in different flowering systems, is common to all plants. We show that SFT (SINGLE-FLOWER TRUSS), the tomato ortholog of FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT), induces flowering in day-neutral tomato and tobacco plants and is encoded by SFT. sft tomato mutant plants are late-flowering, with altered architecture and flower morphology. SFT-dependent graft-transmissible signals complement all developmental defects in sft plants and substitute for long-day stimuli in Arabidopsis, short-day stimuli in Maryland Mammoth tobacco, and light-dose requirements in tomato uniflora mutant plants. The absence of donor SFT RNA from flowering receptor shoots and the localization of the protein in leaf nuclei implicate florigen-like messages in tomato as a downstream pathway triggered by cell-autonomous SFT RNA transcripts. Flowering in tomato is synonymous with termination of the shoot apical meristems, and systemic SFT messages attenuate the growth of apical meristems before and independent of floral production. Floral enhancement by systemic SFT signals is therefore one pleiotropic effect of FT orthologs.
Bibliography:	http://www.pnas.org/contents-by-date.0.shtml ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 23 Communicated by Jan A. D. Zeevaart, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, February 28, 2006 Author contributions: E.L., J.P.A., and Y.E. designed research; E.L., T.E., A.R., A.S., A.G., Z.A., J.P.A., and Y.E. performed research; E.L., T.E., A.R., A.S., A.G., Z.A., J.P.A., and Y.E. analyzed data; and E.L., J.P.A., and Y.E. wrote the paper.
ISSN:	0027-8424 1091-6490
DOI:	10.1073/pnas.0601620103