Gender Differences in Oxidative Stress in Relation to Cancer Susceptibility and Survival

• Published in: Antioxidants Vol. 12; no. 6; p. 1255
• Main Authors: Allegra, Alessandro, Caserta, Santino, Genovese, Sara, Pioggia, Giovanni, Gangemi, Sebastiano
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Switzerland MDPI AG 01-06-2023; MDPI
• Subjects: antioxidant; Antioxidants; Cancer; Carcinogens; Colorectal cancer; Cytokines; Development and progression; Disease susceptibility; Enzymes; Epidemiology; Estrogens; Fatty acids; Females; Gender; Gender differences; Hormones; Hydrogen peroxide; Hypotheses; Hysterectomy; Males; Mitochondria; Obesity; Oncology, Experimental; Oxidation; Oxidative stress; Precision medicine; Proteins; Redox properties; Review; Sex differences; Sex hormones; Survival; testosterone; Tumors; antioxidant; sex hormones; testosterone; mitochondria; reactive oxygen species; estrogens; cancer; gender differences; oxidative stress
• ISSN: 2076-3921; 2076-3921
• DOI: 10.3390/antiox12061255

Genetic, developmental, biochemical, and environmental variables interact intricately to produce sex differences. The significance of sex differences in cancer susceptibility is being clarified by numerous studies. Epidemiological research and cancer registries have revealed over the past few years that there are definite sex variations in cancer incidence, progression, and survival. However, oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction also have a significant impact on the response to treatment of neoplastic diseases. Young women may be more protected from cancer than men because most of the proteins implicated in the regulation of redox state and mitochondrial function are under the control of sexual hormones. In this review, we describe how sexual hormones control the activity of antioxidant enzymes and mitochondria, as well as how they affect several neoplastic diseases. The molecular pathways that underlie the gender-related discrepancies in cancer that have been identified may be better understood, which may lead to more effective precision medicine and vital information on treatment options for both males and females with neoplastic illnesses.