Nucleolin: acharan sulfate–binding protein on the surface of cancer cells

• Published in: Glycobiology (Oxford) Vol. 15; no. 1; pp. 1 - 9
• Main Authors: Joo, Eun Ji, ten Dam, Gerdy B., van Kuppevelt, Toin H., Toida, Toshihiko, Linhardt, Robert J., Kim, Yeong Shik
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: England Oxford University Press 01-01-2005; Oxford Publishing Limited (England)
• Subjects: 3-[cyclohexylamino]-1-propanesulfonic acid; 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide; acharan sulfate; Amino Acid Sequence; Animals; AS-binding protein; biotinylation; Blotting, Western; bovine serum albumin; BSA; CAPS; Cell Adhesion; Cell Line, Tumor; Cell Membrane - metabolism; D-PBS; DMEM; Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium; Dulbecco's phosphate buffered saline; EDTA; Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry; ELISA; enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; ESI Q-TOF MS; ethylenediamine tetra-acetic acid; FGF; fibroblast growth factor; FITC; fluorescein isothiocyanate; GAG; glycosaminoglycan; Glycosaminoglycans - metabolism; horseradish peroxidase; HRP; Humans; Lewis lung carcinoma; LLC; Mass Spectrometry; methylthiazol-2-yl-2; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Molecular Sequence Data; MS/MS; MTT; Neoplasms - metabolism; Neoplasms - pathology; Nucleolin; PAS; periodic acid–Schiff; Phosphoproteins - chemistry; Phosphoproteins - isolation & purification; Phosphoproteins - metabolism; polyvinylidene difluoride; PVDF; RNA-Binding Proteins - chemistry; RNA-Binding Proteins - isolation & purification; RNA-Binding Proteins - metabolism; SDS–PAGE; sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; tandem mass spectrometry; vesicular stromatitis virus; VSV
• ISSN: 0959-6658; 1460-2423; 1460-2423
• DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwh132

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are complex polysaccharides that participate in the regulation of physiological processes through the interactions with a wide variety of proteins. Acharan sulfate (AS), isolated from the giant African snail Achatina fulica, primarily consists of the repeating disaccharide structure α-D-N-acetylglucosaminyl (1→4) 2-sulfoiduronic acid. Exogenous AS was injected subcutaneously near the tumor tissue in C57BL/6 mice that had been implanted with Lewis lung carcinoma cells (LLCs). The location of AS in the tumor was assessed by staining of sectioned tissues with alcian blue and periodic acid–Schiff (PAS) reagent. In vitro assays indicated binding of cells to 50 μg/ml AS (or heparin) after a 5-h incubation. Immunofluorescence assays, using anti-AS antibody, detected AS at the cell surface. The outer-surface of LLCs were next biotinylated to identify the AS-binding proteins. Biotinylated cells were lysed, and the lysates were fractionated on the AS affinity column using a stepwise salt gradient (0, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 1.0, and 2.0 M). The fractions were analyzed by SDS–PAGE with silver staining and western blotting. We focused on the proteins with high affinity for AS (eluting at 1 M NaCl) and detected only two bands by western blotting. ESI Q-TOF MS analysis of one of these bands, molecular weight ∼110 kDa, showed it to be nucleolin. A phosphorylated form of nucleolin on the surface of cells acts as a cell surface receptor for a variety of ligands, including growth factors (i.e., basic fibroblast growth factor) and chemokines (i.e., midkine). These results show that nucleolin is one of several AS-binding proteins and suggest that AS might demonstrate its tumor growth inhibitory activity by binding the nucleolin receptor protein on the surface of cancer cells.