Correction for pulse height variability reduces physiological noise in functional MRI when studying spontaneous brain activity

• Published in: Human brain mapping Vol. 31; no. 2; pp. 311 - 325
• Main Authors: van Houdt, Petra J., Ossenblok, Pauly P.W., Boon, Paul A.J.M., Leijten, Frans S.S., Velis, Demetrios N., Stam, Cornelis J., de Munck, Jan C.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Hoboken Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company 01-02-2010; Wiley-Liss
• Subjects: Adult; Alpha Rhythm; Biological and medical sciences; Brain - blood supply; Brain - physiopathology; Brain Mapping - methods; cardiac activity; EEG-fMRI; Electrodiagnosis. Electric activity recording; Electroencephalography - methods; epilepsy; Epilepsy - physiopathology; Evoked Potentials; Hemoglobins - metabolism; Humans; impulse response function; Investigative techniques, diagnostic techniques (general aspects); Linear Models; Magnetic Resonance Imaging - methods; Medical sciences; Models, Statistical; Nervous system; Oxygen - blood; Oxyhemoglobins - metabolism; Photoplethysmography; physiological noise; Radiodiagnosis. Nmr imagery. Nmr spectrometry; respiration; Time Factors; Alpha rhythm; Nervous system diseases; Radiodiagnosis; Noise; Epilepsy; Variability; Central nervous system; Electrophysiology; Electroencephalography; physiological noise; Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging; Cerebral disorder; Encephalon; impulse response function; EEG-fMRI; Central nervous system disease; cardiac activity; Respiration; Corrections
• ISSN: 1065-9471; 1097-0193
• DOI: 10.1002/hbm.20866

EEG correlated functional MRI (EEG‐fMRI) allows the delineation of the areas corresponding to spontaneous brain activity, such as epileptiform spikes or alpha rhythm. A major problem of fMRI analysis in general is that spurious correlations may occur because fMRI signals are not only correlated with the phenomena of interest, but also with physiological processes, like cardiac and respiratory functions. The aim of this study was to reduce the number of falsely detected activated areas by taking the variation in physiological functioning into account in the general linear model (GLM). We used the photoplethysmogram (PPG), since this signal is based on a linear combination of oxy‐ and deoxyhemoglobin in the arterial blood, which is also the basis of fMRI. We derived a regressor from the variation in pulse height (VIPH) of PPG and added this regressor to the GLM. When this regressor was used as predictor it appeared that VIPH explained a large part of the variance of fMRI signals acquired from five epilepsy patients and thirteen healthy volunteers. As a confounder VIPH reduced the number of activated voxels by 30% for the healthy volunteers, when studying the generators of the alpha rhythm. Although for the patients the number of activated voxels either decreased or increased, the identification of the epileptogenic zone was substantially enhanced in one out of five patients, whereas for the other patients the effects were smaller. In conclusion, applying VIPH as a confounder diminishes physiological noise and allows a more reliable interpretation of fMRI results. Hum Brain Mapp, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.