Climate change and malaria: some recent trends of malaria incidence rates and average annual temperature in selected sub-Saharan African countries from 2000 to 2018

• Published in: Malaria journal Vol. 22; no. 1; pp. 1 - 248
• Main Authors: Leal Filho, Walter, May, Julia, May, Marta, Nagy, Gustavo J
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: London BioMed Central Ltd 28-08-2023; BioMed Central; BMC
• Subjects: 2000–2018; Analysis; Breeding; Climate change; Climate vulnerability; Data analysis; Disease prevention; Epidemiology; Financial institutions; Fluctuations; Health aspects; Human diseases; Humidity; Immunity; Insecticides; Malaria; Malaria incidence rates; Mortality; Precipitation; Precipitation variability; Prevention; Public Health; Risk factors; Seasonal variations (Diseases); sub-Saharan countries; Temperature; Trends; Vector-borne diseases; Vectors; Vectors (Biology); Vulnerability; Uruguay; Mozambique; West Africa; Africa; Zimbabwe; South Africa; Uganda; Zambia; Ghana; Nigeria; Kenya; Ethiopia
• ISSN: 1475-2875; 1475-2875
• DOI: 10.1186/s12936-023-04682-4

Abstract
Background
Malaria is still a disease of massive burden in Africa, also influenced by climate change. The fluctuations and trends of the temperature and precipitation are well-known determinant factors influencing the disease’s vectors and incidence rates. This study provides a concise account of malaria trends. It describes the association between average temperature and malaria incidence rates (IR) in nine sub-Saharan African countries: Nigeria, Ethiopia, South Africa, Kenya, Uganda, Ghana, Mozambique, Zambia and Zimbabwe. The incidence of malaria can vary both in areas where the disease is already present, and in regions where it is present in low numbers or absent. The increased vulnerability to the disease under increasing average temperatures and humidity is due to the new optimal level for vector breeding in areas where vector populations and transmission are low, and populations are sensitive due to low acquired immunity.
Methods
A second source trend analysis was carried out of malaria cases and incidence rates (the number of new malaria cases per 1000 population at risk per year) with data from the World Health Organization (WHO) and average annual mean temperature from 2000 to 2018 from the World Bank’s Climate Change Knowledge Portal (CCKP). Additionally, descriptive epidemiological methods were used to describe the development and trends in the selected countries. Furthermore, MS Excel was chosen for data analysis and visualization.
Results
Findings obtained from this article align with the recent literature, highlighting a declining trend (20–80%) of malaria IR (incidence rate) from 2000 to 2018. However, malaria IR varies considerably, with high values in Uganda, Mozambique, Nigeria and Zambia, moderate values in Ghana, Zimbabwe, and Kenya, and low values in South Africa and Ethiopia in 2018. Evidence suggests varying IRs after average temperature fluctuations in several countries (e.g., Zimbabwe, Ethiopia). Also, an inverse temperature-IR relationship occurs, the sharp decrease of IR during 2012–2014 and 2000–2003, respectively, occurred with increasing average temperatures in Ghana and Nigeria. The decreasing trends and fluctuations, partly accompanying the temperature, should result from the intervention programmes and rainfall variability. The vulnerability and changing climate could arrest the recent trends of falling IR.
Conclusion
Thus, malaria is still a crucial public health issue in sub-Saharan Africa, although a robust decreasing IR occurred in most studied countries.