The prevalence of headache in the adult population of Morocco: a cross-sectional population-based study

• Published in: Journal of headache and pain Vol. 25; no. 1; pp. 49 - 9
• Main Authors: Kissani, Najib, Adarmouch, Latifa, Sidibe, Aboubacar Sidik, Garmane, Abderrahmane, Founoun, Rachid, Chraa, Mohamed, Thomas, Hallie, Husøy, Andreas, Steiner, Timothy J
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Milan Springer Milan 03-04-2024; Springer Nature B.V; BMC
• Subjects: Adult; Aged; Cross-Sectional Studies; Epidemiology; Female; Females; Headache; Headache - epidemiology; Headache Disorders, Primary - diagnosis; Headache Disorders, Secondary - epidemiology; Headaches; Humans; Internal Medicine; Male; Medicine; Medicine & Public Health; Middle Aged; Migraine; Migraine Disorders - epidemiology; Morocco - epidemiology; Neurology; Pain Medicine; Population studies; Population-based studies; Population-based study; Prevalence; Questionnaires; Sampling; Tension-type headache; Young Adult; Morocco; Headache; Medication-overuse headache; Tension-type headache; Prevalence; Morocco; Migraine; Population-based study; Maghreb; Eastern Mediterranean Region; Global Campaign against Headache; Epidemiology
• ISSN: 1129-2377; 1129-2369; 1129-2377
• DOI: 10.1186/s10194-024-01761-y

Background
The series of population-based studies conducted by the Global Campaign against Headache has, so far, included Pakistan and Saudi Arabia from the Eastern Mediterranean Region. The Maghreb countries of North Africa, also part of this Region, are geographically apart and culturally very different from these countries. Here we report a study in Morocco.
Methods
We applied the standardised methodology of Global Campaign studies, with cluster-randomized sampling in regions of Morocco selected to be representative of its diversities. In three of these regions, in accordance with this methodology, we made unannounced visits to randomly selected households and, from each, interviewed one randomly selected adult member (aged 18–65 years) using the HARDSHIP structured questionnaire translated into Moroccan Arabic and French. In a fourth region (Fès), because permission for such sampling was not given by the administrative authority, people were randomly stopped in streets and markets and, when willing, interviewed using the same questionnaire. This was a major protocol violation.
Results
We included 3,474 participants, 1,074 (41.7%) from Agadir, 1,079 (41.9%) from Marrakech, 422 (16.4%) from Tétouan and 899 from Fès. In a second protocol violation, interviewers failed to record the non-participating proportion. In the main analysis, excluding Fès, observed 1-year prevalence of any headache was 80.1% among females, 68.2% among males. Observed 1-day prevalence (headache yesterday) was 17.8%. After adjustment for age and gender, migraine prevalence was 30.8% (higher among females [aOR = 1.6]) and TTH prevalence 32.1% (lower among females [aOR = 0.8]). Headache on ≥ 15 days/month (H15+) was very common (10.5%), and in more than half of cases (5.9%) associated with acute medication overuse (on ≥ 15 days/month) and accordingly diagnosed as probable medication-overuse headache (pMOH). Both pMOH (aOR = 2.6) and other H15+ (aOR = 1.9) were more common among females. In the Fès sample, adjusted prevalences were similar, numerically but not significantly higher except for other H15+.
Conclusions
While the 1-year prevalence of headache among adults in Morocco is similar to that of many other countries, migraine on the evidence here is at the upper end of the global range, but not outside it. H15 + and pMOH are very prevalent, contributing to the high one-day prevalence of headache.