A comparison of thyroidal protection by iodine and perchlorate against radioiodine exposure in Caucasians and Japanese

• Published in: Archives of toxicology Vol. 95; no. 7; pp. 2335 - 2350
• Main Authors: Rump, A., Eder, S., Hermann, C., Lamkowski, A., Kinoshita, M., Yamamoto, T., Abend, M., Shinomiya, N., Port, M.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Berlin/Heidelberg Springer Berlin Heidelberg 01-07-2021; Springer Nature B.V
• Subjects: Biomedical and Life Sciences; Biomedicine; Dosage; Dosimetry; Environmental Health; Exposure; Health risks; Inorganic Compounds; Iodine; Iodine 131; Iodine radioisotopes; Irradiation; Nuclear accidents; Nuclear accidents & safety; Occupational Medicine/Industrial Medicine; Perchlorate; Perchloric acid; Pharmacology/Toxicology; Radiation; Thyroid; Thyroid gland; White people; Perchlorate; Ethnopharmacology; Nutrition; Iodine blockade; Medical NRBC protection; Nuclear and radiological emergency; Radioiodine
• ISSN: 0340-5761; 1432-0738
• DOI: 10.1007/s00204-021-03065-5

Radioactive iodine released in nuclear accidents may accumulate in the thyroid and by irradiation enhances the risk of cancer. Radioiodine uptake into the gland can be inhibited by large doses of stable iodine or perchlorate. Nutritional iodine daily intake may impact thyroid physiology, so that radiological doses absorbed by the thyroid as well as thyroid blocking efficacy may differ in Japanese with a very rich iodine diet compared to Caucasians. Based on established biokinetic–dosimetric models for the thyroid, we derived the parameters for Caucasians and Japanese to quantitatively compare the effects of radioiodine exposure and the protective efficacy of thyroid blocking by stable iodine at the officially recommended dosages (100 mg in Germany, 76 mg in Japan) or perchlorate. The maximum transport capacity for iodine uptake into the thyroid is lower in Japanese compared to Caucasians. For the same radioiodine exposure pattern, the radiological equivalent thyroid dose is substantially lower in Japanese in the absence of thyroid blocking treatments. In the case of acute radioiodine exposure, stable iodine is less potent in Japanese (ED
50
 = 41.6 mg) than in Caucasians (ED
50
 = 2.7 mg) and confers less thyroid protection at the recommended dosages because of a delayed responsiveness to iodine saturation of the gland (Wolff–Chaikoff effect). Perchlorate (ED
50
 = 10 mg in Caucasians) at a dose of 1000 mg has roughly the same thyroid blocking effect as 100 mg iodine in Caucasians, whereas it confers a much better protection than 76 mg iodine in Japanese. For prolonged exposures, a single dose of iodine offer substantially lower protection than after acute radioiodine exposure in both groups. Repetitive daily iodine administrations improve efficacy without reaching levels after acute radioiodine exposure and achieve only slightly better protection in Japanese than in Caucasians. However, in the case of continuous radioiodine exposure, daily doses of 1000 mg perchlorate achieve a high protective efficacy in Caucasians as well as Japanese (> 0.98). In Caucasians, iodine (100 mg) and perchlorate (1000 mg) at the recommended dosages seem alternatives in case of acute radioiodine exposure, whereas perchlorate has a higher protective efficacy in the case of longer lasting radioiodine exposures. In Japanese, considering protective efficacy, preference should be given to perchlorate in acute as well as prolonged radioiodine exposure scenarios.