Development of the Asia Pacific Consortium on Osteoporosis (APCO) Framework: clinical standards of care for the screening, diagnosis, and management of osteoporosis in the Asia-Pacific region

• Published in: Osteoporosis international Vol. 32; no. 7; pp. 1249 - 1275
• Main Authors: Chandran, M., Mitchell, P. J., Amphansap, T., Bhadada, S. K., Chadha, M., Chan, D.-C., Chung, Y.-S., Ebeling, P., Gilchrist, N., Habib Khan, A., Halbout, P., Hew, F. L., Lan, H.-P. T., Lau, T. C., Lee, J. K., Lekamwasam, S., Lyubomirsky, G., Mercado-Asis, L. B., Mithal, A., Nguyen, T. V., Pandey, D., Reid, I. R., Suzuki, A., Chit, T. T., Tiu, K. L., Valleenukul, T., Yung, C. K., Zhao, Y. L.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: London Springer London 01-07-2021; Springer Nature B.V
• Subjects: Biochemical markers; Comparative analysis; Consensus Statement; Diagnosis; Endocrinology; Fractures; Medical diagnosis; Medicine; Medicine & Public Health; Orthopedics; Osteoporosis; Quality control; Rheumatology; Risk assessment; Risk factors; Vertebrae; Asia; Asia-Pacific region; Asia-Pacific; Standards of care; Osteoporosis; Consensus; Guidelines
• ISSN: 0937-941X; 1433-2965
• DOI: 10.1007/s00198-020-05742-0

Summary
Guidelines for doctors managing osteoporosis in the Asia-Pacific region vary widely. We compared 18 guidelines for similarities and differences in five key areas. We then used a structured consensus process to develop clinical standards of care for the diagnosis and management of osteoporosis and for improving the quality of care.
Purpose
Minimum clinical standards for assessment and management of osteoporosis are needed in the Asia-Pacific (AP) region to inform clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) and to improve osteoporosis care. We present the framework of these clinical standards and describe its development.
Methods
We conducted a structured comparative analysis of existing CPGs in the AP region using a “5IQ” model (identification, investigation, information, intervention, integration, and quality). One-hundred data elements were extracted from each guideline. We then employed a four-round Delphi consensus process to structure the framework, identify key components of guidance, and develop clinical care standards.
Results
Eighteen guidelines were included. The 5IQ analysis demonstrated marked heterogeneity, notably in guidance on risk factors, the use of biochemical markers, self-care information for patients, indications for osteoporosis treatment, use of fracture risk assessment tools, and protocols for monitoring treatment. There was minimal guidance on long-term management plans or on strategies and systems for clinical quality improvement. Twenty-nine APCO members participated in the Delphi process, resulting in consensus on 16 clinical standards, with levels of attainment defined for those on identification and investigation of fragility fractures, vertebral fracture assessment, and inclusion of quality metrics in guidelines.
Conclusion
The 5IQ analysis confirmed previous anecdotal observations of marked heterogeneity of osteoporosis clinical guidelines in the AP region. The Framework provides practical, clear, and feasible recommendations for osteoporosis care and can be adapted for use in other such vastly diverse regions. Implementation of the standards is expected to significantly lessen the global burden of osteoporosis.