What do we (not) know about how paracetamol (acetaminophen) works?

• Published in: Journal of clinical pharmacy and therapeutics Vol. 35; no. 6; pp. 617 - 638
• Main Authors: Toussaint, K., Yang, X. C., Zielinski, M. A., Reigle, K. L., Sacavage, S. D., Nagar, S., Raffa, R. B.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Oxford, UK Blackwell Publishing Ltd 01-12-2010; Blackwell; Hindawi Limited
• Subjects: acetaminophen; Acetaminophen - administration & dosage; Acetaminophen - adverse effects; Acetaminophen - pharmacokinetics; Acetaminophen - pharmacology; Acetanilides - adverse effects; Acetanilides - therapeutic use; Analgesia; Analgesics, Non-Narcotic - administration & dosage; Analgesics, Non-Narcotic - adverse effects; Analgesics, Non-Narcotic - pharmacokinetics; Analgesics, Non-Narcotic - pharmacology; Analgesics, Opioid - therapeutic use; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal - therapeutic use; Antipyretics - adverse effects; Antipyretics - therapeutic use; Biological and medical sciences; Drug Discovery; Humans; Hyperalgesia - chemically induced; Hyperalgesia - drug therapy; mechanism of action; Medical sciences; Pain - drug therapy; Pain - physiopathology; Pain Measurement; paracetamol; Pharmacology. Drug treatments; Antipyretic; Paracetamol; acetaminophen; Analgesic; Mechanism of action; Antimigrainous agent
• ISSN: 0269-4727; 1365-2710
• DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2710.2009.01143.x

Summary
What is known and background:  Although paracetamol (acetaminophen), N‐(4‐Hydroxyphenyl)acetamide, is one of the world’s most widely used analgesics, the mechanism by which it produces its analgesic effect is largely unknown. This lack is relevant because: (i) optimal pain treatment matches the analgesic mechanism to the (patho)physiology of the pain and (ii) modern drug discovery relies on an appropriate screening assay.
Objective:  To review the clinical profile and preclinical studies of paracetamol as means of gaining insight into its mechanism of analgesic action.
Methods:  A literature search was conducted of clinical and preclinical literature and the information obtained was organized and reviewed from the perspective of its contribution to an understanding of the mechanism of analgesic action of paracetamol.
Results:  Paracetamol’s broad spectrum of analgesic and other pharmacological actions is presented, along with its multiple postulated mechanism(s) of action. No one mechanism has been definitively shown to account for its analgesic activity.
What is new and conclusion:  Further research is needed to uncover the mechanism of analgesic action of paracetamol. The lack of this knowledge affects optimal clinical use and impedes drug discovery efforts.