Clotting Factor Deficiencies as an Underlying Cause of Abnormal Uterine Bleeding in Women of Reproductive Age: A Literature Review

• Published in: Life (Basel, Switzerland) Vol. 13; no. 6; p. 1321
• Main Authors: Livanou, Maria Effrosyni, Matsas, Alkis, Valsami, Serena, Papadimitriou, Dimitrios T, Kontogiannis, Athanasios, Christopoulos, Panagiotis
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Switzerland MDPI AG 01-06-2023; MDPI
• Subjects: Abnormal Uterine Bleeding; Age; Antigens; Asymptomatic; Bleeding; Blood transfusion; Clotting; clotting factor deficiency; Coagulation factors; coagulopathy; Congenital diseases; Diagnosis; Diagnostic systems; Disorders; Epistaxis; Females; Genes; Health aspects; Health care industry; Heavy Menstrual Bleeding; Hemophilia; hemophilia carriers; Hemorrhage; Laboratories; Literature reviews; Menstruation; Menstruation disorders; Morbidity; Mutation; Physicians; Plasma; Review; Risk factors; Signs and symptoms; Thrombosis; Uterine bleeding; Uterus; Iran; Greece; clotting factor deficiency; Heavy Menstrual Bleeding; hemophilia carriers; Abnormal Uterine Bleeding; coagulopathy; menstruation
• ISSN: 2075-1729; 2075-1729
• DOI: 10.3390/life13061321

Clotting Factor deficiencies are rare disorders with variations in clinical presentation and severity of symptoms ranging from asymptomatic to mild to life-threatening bleeding. Thus, they pose a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge, mainly for the primary health care providers, general practitioners, and gynecologists who are more likely to first encounter these patients. An additional diagnostic challenge arises from the variable laboratory presentations, as PT, PTT, and BT are not always affected. The morbidity is higher among women of reproductive age since Abnormal Uterine Bleeding-specifically Heavy Menstrual Bleeding-is one of the most prevalent manifestations of these disorders, and in some cases of severe deficiencies has led to life-threatening episodes of bleeding requiring blood transfusions or even immediate surgical intervention. Physician awareness is important as, in the case of some of these disorders-i.e., Factor XIII deficiency-prophylactic treatment is available and recommended. Although uncommon, the potential for rare bleeding disorders and for hemophilia carrier states should be considered in women with HMB, after more prevalent causes have been excluded. Currently, there is no consensus on the management of women in these instances and it is reliant on the physicians' knowledge.