Proposed Fatigue Index for the Objective Detection of Muscle Fatigue Using Surface Electromyography and a Double-Step Binary Classifier

• Published in: Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) Vol. 22; no. 5; p. 1900
• Main Authors: Qassim, Hassan M, Hasan, Wan Zuha Wan, Ramli, Hafiz R, Harith, Hazreen Haizi, Mat, Liyana Najwa Inche, Ismail, Luthffi Idzhar
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Switzerland MDPI AG 28-02-2022; MDPI
• Subjects: Algorithms; Analysis; Bandpass filters; Electromyography; Electromyography - methods; Fatigue; fatigue index; Hydrofluorocarbons; Injury prevention; muscle; Muscle Contraction; Muscle fatigue; Muscle Fatigue - physiology; Muscle, Skeletal - physiology; Muscles; Muscular fatigue; Muscular function; non-fatigue; Sample size; Signal processing; Malaysia; non-fatigue; fatigue; fatigue index; electromyography; muscle
• ISSN: 1424-8220; 1424-8220
• DOI: 10.3390/s22051900

The objective detection of muscle fatigue reports the moment at which a muscle fails to sustain the required force. Such a detection prevents any further injury to the muscle following fatigue. However, the objective detection of muscle fatigue still requires further investigation. This paper presents an algorithm that employs a new fatigue index for the objective detection of muscle fatigue using a double-step binary classifier. The proposed algorithm involves analyzing the acquired sEMG signals in both the time and frequency domains in a double-step investigation. The first step involves calculating the value of the integrated EMG (IEMG) to determine the continuous contraction of the muscle being investigated. It was found that the IEMG value continued to increase with prolonged muscle contraction and progressive fatigue. The second step involves differentiating between the high-frequency components (HFC) and low-frequency components (LFC) of the EMG, and calculating the fatigue index. Basically, the segmented EMG signal was filtered by two band-pass filters separately to produce two sub-signals, namely, a high-frequency sub-signal (HFSS) and a low-frequency sub-signal (LFSS). Then, the instantaneous mean amplitude (IMA) was calculated for the two sub-signals. The proposed algorithm indicates that the IMA of the HFSS tends to decrease during muscle fatigue, while the IMA of the LFSS tends to increase. The fatigue index represents the difference between the IMA values of the LFSS and HFSS, respectively. Muscle fatigue was found to be present and was objectively detected when the value of the proposed fatigue index was equal to or greater than zero. The proposed algorithm was tested on 75 EMG signals that were extracted from 75 middle deltoid muscles. The results show that the proposed algorithm had an accuracy of 94.66% in distinguishing between conditions of muscle fatigue and non-fatigue.